Display lighting systems with circadian effects

ABSTRACT

Display systems for displaying digital content. The display systems have one or more LED-based lighting channels adapted to generate a circadian-inducing blue light output in first operational mode and a less-circadian-inducing blue light output in a second operational mode. The circadian-inducing blue light can have a first circadian-stimulating energy characteristic related to the associated first spectral power distributions of light generated in the first operational mode, and the non-circadian-inducing blue light can have a second circadian-stimulating energy characteristic related to the associated second spectral power distribution of light generated in the second operational mode. Disclosure methods of generating digital display content with the display systems described herein. The methods can generate a circadian-inducing blue light output in first operational mode and a less-circadian-inducing blue light output in a second operational mode.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of International Patent ApplicationNo. PCT/US2019/013380 filed Jan. 11, 2019, which claims benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/616,401 filed Jan. 11, 2018; U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/616,404 filed Jan. 11, 2018; U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/616,414 filed Jan. 11, 2018; U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/616,423 filed Jan. 11, 2018; U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/634,798 filed Feb. 23, 2018; U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/712,182 filed Jul. 30, 2018; U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/712,191 filed Jul. 30, 2018; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/757,672 filed Nov. 8, 2018; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/757,664 filed Nov. 8, 2018; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/758,411 filed Nov. 9, 2018; andInternational Patent Application Nos. PCT/US2018/020787 filed Mar. 2,2018; PCT/US2018/020790 filed Mar. 2, 2018; PCT/US2018/020792 filed Mar.2, 2018; PCT/US2018/020793 filed Mar. 2, 2018; PCT/US2019/013356 fileJan. 11, 2019; and PCT/US2019/013359 filed Jan. 11, 2019, the contentsof which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety as iffully set forth herein.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure is in the field digital display devices. In particular,the disclosure relates to devices for use in, and methods of, providinglighting systems for use in digital display systems that can providecontrollable biological effects.

BACKGROUND

A wide variety of light emitting devices are known in the art including,for example, incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent lights, andsemiconductor light emitting devices such as light emitting diodes(“LEDs”).

Displays for digital content can rely on arrays of pixels that produceindividual color points. Displays can be backlit with a white lightsource, which can be LED-based, and then filtered at the pixel-level toproduce colored pixels as desired. Alternatively, displays that are notbased on backlighting with white light and filtering downstream caninclude LEDs at the pixel-level that directly emit light at each coloredpixel.

There are a variety of resources utilized to describe the light producedfrom a light emitting device, one commonly used resource is 1931 CIE(Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) Chromaticity Diagram. The1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram maps out the human color perception interms of two CIE parameters x and y. The spectral colors are distributedaround the edge of the outlined space, which includes all of the huesperceived by the human eye. The boundary line represents maximumsaturation for the spectral colors, and the interior portion representsless saturated colors including white light. The diagram also depictsthe Planckian locus, also referred to as the black body locus (BBL),with correlated color temperatures, which represents the chromaticitycoordinates (i.e., color points) that correspond to radiation from ablack-body at different temperatures. Illuminants that produce light onor near the BBL can thus be described in terms of their correlated colortemperatures (CCT). These illuminants yield pleasing “white light” tohuman observers, with general illumination typically utilizing CCTvalues between 1,800K and 10,000K.

Color rendering index (CRI) is described as an indication of thevibrancy of the color of light being produced by a light source. Inpractical terms, the CRI is a relative measure of the shift in surfacecolor of an object when lit by a particular lamp as compared to areference light source, typically either a black-body radiator or thedaylight spectrum. The higher the CRI value for a particular lightsource, the better that the light source renders the colors of variousobjects it is used to illuminate.

Color rendering performance may be characterized via standard metricsknown in the art. Fidelity Index (Rf) and the Gamut Index (Rg) can becalculated based on the color rendition of a light source for 99 colorevaluation samples (“CES”). The 99 CES provide uniform color spacecoverage, are intended to be spectral sensitivity neutral, and providecolor samples that correspond to a variety of real objects. Rf valuesrange from 0 to 100 and indicate the fidelity with which a light sourcerenders colors as compared with a reference illuminant. In practicalterms, the Rf is a relative measure of the shift in surface color of anobject when lit by a particular lamp as compared to a reference lightsource, typically either a black-body radiator or the daylight spectrum.The higher the Rf value for a particular light source, the better thatthe light source renders the colors of various objects it is used toilluminate. The Gamut Index Rg evaluates how well a light sourcesaturates or desaturates the 99 CES compared to the reference source.

LEDs have the potential to exhibit very high power efficiencies relativeto conventional incandescent or fluorescent lights. Most LEDs aresubstantially monochromatic light sources that appear to emit lighthaving a single color. Thus, the spectral power distribution of thelight emitted by most LEDs is tightly centered about a “peak”wavelength, which is the single wavelength where the spectral powerdistribution or “emission spectrum” of the LED reaches its maximum asdetected by a photo-detector. LEDs typically have a full-widthhalf-maximum wavelength range of about 10 nm to 30 nm, comparativelynarrow with respect to the broad range of visible light to the humaneye, which ranges from approximately from 380 nm to 800 nm.

In order to use LEDs to generate white light, lighting systems have beenprovided that include two or more LEDs that each emit a light of adifferent color. The different colors combine to produce a desiredintensity and/or color of white light. For example, by simultaneouslyenergizing red, green and blue LEDs, the resulting combined light mayappear white, or nearly white, depending on, for example, the relativeintensities, peak wavelengths and spectral power distributions of thesource red, green and blue LEDs. The aggregate emissions from red,green, and blue LEDs typically provide poor color rendering for generalillumination applications due to the gaps in the spectral powerdistribution in regions remote from the peak wavelengths of the LEDs.

White light may also be produced by utilizing one or more luminescentmaterials such as phosphors to convert some of the light emitted by oneor more LEDs to light of one or more other colors. The combination ofthe light emitted by the LEDs that is not converted by the luminescentmaterial(s) and the light of other colors that are emitted by theluminescent material(s) may produce a white or near-white light.

LED lamps have been provided that can emit white light with differentCCT values within a range. Such lamps utilize two or more LEDs, with orwithout luminescent materials, with respective drive currents that areincreased or decreased to increase or decrease the amount of lightemitted by each LED. By controllably altering the power to the variousLEDs in the lamp, the overall light emitted can be tuned to differentCCT values. The range of CCT values that can be provided with adequatecolor rendering values and efficiency is limited by the selection ofLEDs.

The spectral profiles of light emitted by white artificial lighting canimpact circadian physiology, alertness, and cognitive performancelevels. Bright artificial light can be used in a number of therapeuticapplications, such as in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder(SAD), certain sleep problems, depression, jet lag, sleep disturbancesin those with Parkinson's disease, the health consequences associatedwith shift work, and the resetting of the human circadian clock.Artificial lighting may change natural processes, interfere withmelatonin production, or disrupt the circadian rhythm. Blue light mayhave a greater tendency than other colored light to affect livingorganisms through the disruption of their biological processes which canrely upon natural cycles of daylight and darkness. Exposure to bluelight late in the evening and at night may be detrimental to one'shealth. Some blue or royal blue light within lower wavelengths can havehazardous effects to human eyes and skin, such as causing damage to theretina.

Significant challenges remain in providing LED lamps that can providewhite light across a range of CCT values while simultaneously achievinghigh efficiencies, high luminous flux, good color rendering, andacceptable color stability. It is also a challenge to provide lightingapparatuses that can provide desirable lighting performance whileallowing for the control of circadian energy performance.

DISCLOSURE

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides display systems fordisplaying digital content, wherein the display systems comprise one ormore LED-based lighting channels adapted to generate acircadian-inducing blue light output in first operational mode and aless-circadian-inducing blue light output in a second operational mode.The circadian-inducing blue light can have a first circadian-stimulatingenergy characteristic related to the associated first spectral powerdistributions of light generated in the first operational mode, and thenon-circadian-inducing blue light can have a secondcircadian-stimulating energy characteristic related to the associatedsecond spectral power distribution of light generated in the secondoperational mode. In certain implementations, the LED-based lightingchannels can provide the individual pixels in a pixel array of thedisplay systems. In some implementations, the individual pixels can beprovided as microLED pixels or OLED pixels. In certain implementations,different combinations of different types of pixels can be used indifferent operational modes to generate more or less circadian-inducingblue light output. In some implementations, a first type of pixel isused in the first operational mode to provide the first spectral powerdistribution having the first circadian-stimulating energycharacteristic. In other implementations, the LED-based lightingchannels can provide white light sources for backlighting systems in thedisplay systems. In certain implementations, the white light sources forbacklighting systems can be provided as white lighting channelscomprising an LED and an associated luminophoric medium that a produce acombined white light at a white color point within ±7 DUV of thePlanckian locus on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram. In someimplementations, the display systems can have two or more white lightingchannels that are used in different operational modes to generate moreor less circadian-inducing blue light output. In furtherimplementations, the white light sources for backlighting systems can beprovided as a combination of a plurality of lighting channels, each ofthe plurality of lighting channels comprising an LED and an associatedluminophoric medium that produce a combined light at a color point, withthe combinations of the plurality of lighting channels producingcombined white light at a white color points within ±7 DUV of thePlanckian locus on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram. In certainimplementations, different combinations of the plurality of lightingchannels of the display systems can be used in different operationalmodes to generate more or less circadian-inducing blue light output.

The present disclosure methods of generating digital display contentwith the display systems described herein. In certain implementations,the methods comprise generate a circadian-inducing blue light output infirst operational mode and a less-circadian-inducing blue light outputin a second operational mode.

The general disclosure and the following further disclosure areexemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of thedisclosure, as defined in the appended claims. Other aspects of thepresent disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art in viewof the details as provided herein. In the figures, like referencenumerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.All callouts and annotations are hereby incorporated by this referenceas if fully set forth herein.

DRAWINGS

The summary, as well as the following detailed description, is furtherunderstood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For thepurpose of illustrating the disclosure, there are shown in the drawingsexemplary implementations of the disclosure; however, the disclosure isnot limited to the specific methods, compositions, and devicesdisclosed. In addition, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates aspects of display systems according to the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates aspects of display systems according to the presentdisclosure, including aspects of lighting systems therein;

FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d illustrates aspects of display systemsaccording to the present disclosure, including spectral powerdistributions for some exemplary lighting channels;

FIG. 4 illustrates aspects of display systems according to the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the devices;

FIG. 6 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the devices;

FIG. 7 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the devices;

FIG. 8 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the devices;

FIG. 9 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the devices;

FIG. 10 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the devices;

FIG. 11 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the devices;

FIG. 12 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the devices;

FIG. 13 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the devices;

FIG. 14 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including some suitable color ranges for lightgenerated by components of the devices

FIG. 15 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including some suitable color points for lightgenerated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 16 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including some suitable color ranges for lightgenerated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B illustrate some aspects of display systemsaccording to the present disclosure, including some suitable colorranges for light generated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 18 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure in comparison with some prior art and sometheoretical light sources, including some light characteristics of whitelight generated by display systems in various operational modes;

FIG. 19 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 20 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 21 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including aspects of spectral power distributionsfor light generated by components of the display systems;

FIGS. 22A-22B illustrate some aspects of display systems according tothe present disclosure, including some suitable color ranges for lightgenerated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 23 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including some suitable color ranges for lightgenerated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 24 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including some suitable color ranges for lightgenerated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 25 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including some suitable color ranges for lightgenerated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 26 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including some suitable color ranges for lightgenerated by components of the display systems;

FIG. 27 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including some suitable color ranges for lightgenerated by components of the display systems; and

FIG. 28 illustrates some aspects of display systems according to thepresent disclosure, including some suitable color ranges for lightgenerated by components of the display systems.

All descriptions and callouts in the Figures are hereby incorporated bythis reference as if fully set forth herein.

FURTHER DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure may be understood more readily by reference tothe following detailed description taken in connection with theaccompanying figures and examples, which form a part of this disclosure.It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to thespecific devices, methods, applications, conditions or parametersdescribed and/or shown herein, and that the terminology used herein isfor the purpose of describing particular exemplars by way of exampleonly and is not intended to be limiting of the claimed disclosure. Also,as used in the specification including the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural, and reference to aparticular numerical value includes at least that particular value,unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “plurality”, asused herein, means more than one. When a range of values is expressed,another exemplar includes from the one particular value and/or to theother particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed asapproximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understoodthat the particular value forms another exemplar. All ranges areinclusive and combinable.

The term “circadian-stimulating energy characteristics” refers to anycharacteristics of a spectral power distribution that may havebiological effects on a subject. In some aspects, thecircadian-stimulating energy characteristics of aspects of the lightingsystems of this disclosure can include one or more of CS, CLA, EML, BLH,CER, CAF, LEF, circadian power, circadian flux, and the relative amountof power within one or more particular wavelength ranges.

It is to be appreciated that certain features of the disclosure whichare, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate exemplar,may also be provided in combination in a single exemplaryimplementation. Conversely, various features of the disclosure that are,for brevity, described in the context of a single exemplaryimplementation, may also be provided separately or in anysubcombination. Further, reference to values stated in ranges includeeach and every value within that range.

The 1931 CIE Chromaticity diagram is a two-dimensional chromaticityspace in which every visible color is represented by a point having x-and y-coordinates, also referred to herein as (ccx, ccy) coordinates.Fully saturated (monochromatic) colors appear on the outer edge of thediagram, while less saturated colors (which represent a combination ofwavelengths) appear on the interior of the diagram. The term“saturated”, as used herein, means having a purity of at least 85%, theterm “purity” having a well-known meaning to persons skilled in the art,and procedures for calculating purity being well-known to those of skillin the art. The Planckian locus, or black body locus (BBL), is known tothose of skill in the art and follows the color an incandescent blackbody would take in the chromaticity space as the temperature of theblack body changes from about 1000K to 10,000 K. The black body locusgoes from deep red at low temperatures (about 1000 K) through orange,yellowish white, white, and finally bluish white at very hightemperatures. The temperature of a black body radiator corresponding toa particular color in a chromaticity space is referred to as the“correlated color temperature.” In general, light corresponding to acorrelated color temperature (CCT) of about 2700 K to about 6500 K isconsidered to be “white” light. In particular, as used herein, “whitelight” generally refers to light having a chromaticity point that iswithin a 10-step MacAdam ellipse of a point on the black body locushaving a CCT between 2700K and 6500K. However, it will be understoodthat tighter or looser definitions of white light can be used ifdesired. For example, white light can refer to light having achromaticity point that is within a seven step MacAdam ellipse of apoint on the black body locus having a CCT between 2700K and 6500K. Thedistance from the black body locus can be measured in the CIE 1960chromaticity diagram, and is indicated by the symbol Auv, or DUV or duvas referred to elsewhere herein. If the chromaticity point is above thePlanckian locus the DUV is denoted by a positive number; if thechromaticity point is below the locus, DUV is indicated with a negativenumber. If the DUV is sufficiently positive, the light source may appeargreenish or yellowish at the same CCT. If the DUV is sufficientlynegative, the light source can appear to be purple or pinkish at thesame CCT. Observers may prefer light above or below the Planckian locusfor particular CCT values, and light above or below the Planckian locusmay be more or less suitable for use in displaying digital content ondisplay systems in different settings or operational modes. DUVcalculation methods are well known by those of ordinary skill in the artand are more fully described in ANSI C78.377, American National Standardfor Electric Lamps—Specifications for the Chromaticity of Solid StateLighting (SSL) Products, which is incorporated by reference herein inits entirety for all purposes. The CIE Standard Illuminant D65illuminant is intended to represent average daylight and has a CCT ofapproximately 6500K and the spectral power distribution is describedmore fully in Joint ISO/CIE Standard, ISO 10526:1999/CIE 5005/E-1998,CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

The color points described in the present disclosure can be withincolor-point ranges defined by geometric shapes on the 1931 CIEChromaticity Diagram that enclose a defined set of ccx, ccy colorcoordinates. It should be understood that any gaps or openings in anydescribed or depicted boundaries for color-point ranges should be closedwith straight lines to connect adjacent endpoints in order to define aclosed boundary for each color-point range.

The light emitted by a light source may be represented by a point on achromaticity diagram, such as the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram, havingcolor coordinates denoted (ccx, ccy) on the X-Y axes of the diagram. Aregion on a chromaticity diagram may represent light sources havingsimilar chromaticity coordinates.

The ability of a light source to accurately reproduce color inilluminated objects can be characterized using the color rendering index(“CRT”), also referred to as the CIE Ra value. The Ra value of a lightsource is a modified average of the relative measurements of how thecolor rendition of an illumination system compares to that of areference black-body radiator or daylight spectrum when illuminatingeight reference colors R1-R8. Thus, the Ra value is a relative measureof the shift in surface color of an object when lit by a particularlamp. The Ra value equals 100 if the color coordinates of a set of testcolors being illuminated by the illumination system are the same as thecoordinates of the same test colors being irradiated by a referencelight source of equivalent CCT. For CCTs less than 5000K, the referenceilluminants used in the CRT calculation procedure are the SPDs ofblackbody radiators; for CCTs above 5000K, imaginary SPDs calculatedfrom a mathematical model of daylight are used. These reference sourceswere selected to approximate incandescent lamps and daylight,respectively. Daylight generally has an Ra value of nearly 100,incandescent bulbs have an Ra value of about 95, fluorescent lightingtypically has an Ra value of about 70 to 85, while monochromatic lightsources have an Ra value of essentially zero. Light sources for generalillumination applications with an Ra value of less than 50 are generallyconsidered very poor and are typically only used in applications whereeconomic issues preclude other alternatives. The calculation of CIE Ravalues is described more fully in Commission Internationale del'Eclairage. 1995. Technical Report: Method of Measuring and SpecifyingColour Rendering Properties of Light Sources, CIE No. 13.3-1995. Vienna,Austria: Commission Internationale de l′Eclairage, which is incorporatedby reference herein in its entirety for all purposes. In addition to theRa value, a light source can also be evaluated based on a measure of itsability to render a saturated red reference color R9, also known as testcolor sample 9 (“TCS09”), with the R9 color rendering value (“R9value”). Light sources can also be evaluated based on a measure ofability to render additional colors R10-R15, which include realisticcolors like yellow, green, blue, Caucasian skin color (R13), tree leafgreen, and Asian skin color (R15), respectively. Light sources canfurther be evaluated by calculating the gamut area index (“GAI”).Connecting the rendered color points from the determination of the CIERa value in two dimensional space will form a gamut area. Gamut areaindex is calculated by dividing the gamut area formed by the lightsource with the gamut area formed by a reference source using the sameset of colors that are used for CRI. GAI uses an Equal Energy Spectrumas the reference source rather than a black body radiator. A gamut areaindex related to a black body radiator (“GAIBB”) can be calculated byusing the gamut area formed by the blackbody radiator at the equivalentCCT to the light source.

The ability of a light source to accurately reproduce color inilluminated objects can be characterized using the metrics described inIES Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition, IlluminatingEngineering Society, Product ID: TM-30-15 (referred to herein as the“TM-30-15 standard”), which is incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety for all purposes. The TM-30-15 standard describes metricsincluding the Fidelity Index (Rf) and the Gamut Index (Rg) that can becalculated based on the color rendition of a light source for 99 colorevaluation samples (“CES”). The 99 CES provide uniform color spacecoverage, are intended to be spectral sensitivity neutral, and providecolor samples that correspond to a variety of real objects. Rf valuesrange from 0 to 100 and indicate the fidelity with which a light sourcerenders colors as compared with a reference illuminant. Rg valuesprovide a measure of the color gamut that the light source providesrelative to a reference illuminant. The range of Rg depends upon the Rfvalue of the light source being tested. The reference illuminant isselected depending on the CCT. For CCT values less than or equal to4500K, Planckian radiation is used. For CCT values greater than or equalto 5500K, CIE Daylight illuminant is used. Between 4500K and 5500K aproportional mix of Planckian radiation and the CIE Daylight illuminantis used, according to the following equation:

${{S_{r,M}\left( {\lambda,T_{t}} \right)} = {{\frac{{5500} - T_{t}}{1000}{S_{r,P}\left( {\lambda,T_{t}} \right)}} + {\left( {1 - \frac{{5500} - T_{t}}{1000}} \right){S_{r,D}\left( {\lambda,T_{t}} \right)}}}},$

where T_(t) is the CCT value, S_(r,M)(λ, T_(t)) is the proportional mixreference illuminant, S_(r,P)(λ, T_(t)) is Planckian radiation, andS_(r,D)(λ, T_(t)) is the CIE Daylight illuminant.

Circadian illuminance (CLA) is a measure of circadian effective light,spectral irradiance distribution of the light incident at the corneaweighted to reflect the spectral sensitivity of the human circadiansystem as measured by acute melatonin suppression after a one-hourexposure, and CS, which is the effectiveness of the spectrally weightedirradiance at the cornea from threshold (CS=0.1) to saturation (CS=0.7).The values of CLA are scaled such that an incandescent source at 2856K(known as CIE Illuminant A) which produces 1000 lux (visual lux) willproduce 1000 units of circadian lux (CLA). CS values are transformed CLAvalues and correspond to relative melotonian suppression after one hourof light exposure for a 2.3 mm diameter pupil during the mid-point ofmelotonian production. CS is calculated from

${CS} = \left| {0.7{\left( {1 - \frac{1}{1 + \left( \frac{CLA}{355.7} \right)^{\bigwedge 1.126}}} \right).}} \right.$

The calculation of CLA is more fully described in Rea et al., “Modellingthe spectral sensitivity of the human circadian system,” LightingResearch and Technology, 2011; 0: 1-12, and Figueiro et al., “Designingwith Circadian Stimulus”, October 2016, LD+A Magazine, IlluminatingEngineering Society of North America, which are incorporated byreference herein in its entirety for all purposes. Figueiro et al.describe that exposure to a CS of 0.3 or greater at the eye, for atleast one hour in the early part of the day, is effective forstimulating the circadian system and is associated with better sleep andimproved behavior and mood.

Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML) provides a measure of photoreceptiveinput to circadian and neurophysiological light responses in humans, asdescribed in Lucas et al., “Measuring and using light in the melanopsinage.” Trends in Neurosciences, January 2014, Vol. 37, No. 1, pages 1-9,which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including allappendices, for all purposes. Melanopic lux is weighted to aphotopigment with max 480 nm with pre-receptoral filtering based on a 32year old standard observer, as described more fully in the Appendix A,Supplementary Data to Lucas et al. (2014), User Guide: IrradianceToolbox (Oxford 18 Oct. 2013), University of Manchester, Lucas Group,which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for allpurposes. EML values are shown in the tables and Figures herein as theratio of melanopic lux to luminous flux, with luminous flux consideredto be 1000 lumens. It can be desirable for biological effects on usersto provide illumination having higher EML in the morning, but lower EMLin the late afternoon and evening.

Blue Light Hazard (BLH) provides a measure of potential for aphotochemical induced retinal injury that results from radiationexposure. Blue Light Hazard is described in IEC/EN 62471,Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Systems and Technical ReportIEC/TR 62778: Application of IEC 62471 for the assessment of blue lighthazard to light sources and luminaires, which are incorporated byreference herein in their entirety for all purposes. A BLH factor can beexpressed in (weighted power/lux) in units of μW/cm²/lux.

In some aspects the present disclosure relates to lighting devices andmethods to provide light having particular vision energy and circadianenergy performance. Many figures of merit are known in the art, some ofwhich are described in Ji Hye Oh, Su Ji Yang and Young Rag Do, “Healthy,natural, efficient and tunable lighting: four-package white LEDs foroptimizing the circadian effect, color quality and vision performance,”Light: Science & Applications (2014) 3: e141-e149, which is incorporatedherein in its entirety, including supplementary information, for allpurposes. Luminous efficacy of radiation (“LER”) can be calculated fromthe ratio of the luminous flux to the radiant flux (S(λ)), i.e. thespectral power distribution of the light source being evaluated, withthe following equation:

${LER}{\left( \frac{l\; m}{W} \right) = {683\left( \frac{lm}{W} \right){\frac{\int{{V(\lambda)}{S(\lambda)}d\lambda}}{\int{{S(\lambda)}d\lambda}}.}}}$

Circadian efficacy of radiation (“CER”) can be calculated from the ratioof circadian luminous flux to the radiant flux, with the followingequation:

${CER}{\left( \frac{blm}{W} \right) = {683\left( \frac{blm}{W} \right){\frac{\int{{C(\lambda)}{S(\lambda)}d\lambda}}{\int{{S(\lambda)}d\lambda}}.}}}$

Circadian action factor (“CAF”) can be defined by the ratio of CER toLER, with the following equation:

${\left( \frac{blm}{lm} \right) = \frac{CE{R\left( \frac{blm}{W} \right)}}{LE{R\left( \frac{lm}{W} \right)}}}.$

The term “blm” refers to biolumens, units for measuring circadian flux,also known as circadian lumens. The term “lm” refers to visual lumens.V(λ) is the photopic spectral luminous efficiency function and C(λ) isthe circadian spectral sensitivity function. The calculations herein usethe circadian spectral sensitivity function, C(λ), from Gall et al.,Proceedings of the CIE Symposium 2004 on Light and Health: Non-VisualEffects, 30 Sep. 2 Oct. 2004; Vienna, Austria 2004. CIE: Wien, 2004,pp129-132, which is incorporated herein in its entirety for allpurposes. By integrating the amount of light (milliwatts) within thecircadian spectral sensitivity function and dividing such value by thenumber of photopic lumens, a relative measure of melatonin suppressioneffects of a particular light source can be obtained. A scaled relativemeasure denoted as melatonin suppressing milliwatts per hundred lumensmay be obtained by dividing the photopic lumens by 100. The term“melatonin suppressing milliwatts per hundred lumens” consistent withthe foregoing calculation method is used throughout this application andthe accompanying figures and tables.

The ability of a light source to provide illumination that allows forthe clinical observation of cyanosis is based upon the light source'sspectral power density in the red portion of the visible spectrum,particularly around 660 nm. The cyanosis observation index (“COI”) isdefined by AS/NZS 1680.2.5 Interior Lighting Part 2.5: Hospital andMedical Tasks, Standards Australia, 1997 which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety, including all appendices, for allpurposes. COI is applicable for CCTs from about 3300K to about 5500K,and is preferably of a value less than about 3.3. If a light source'soutput around 660 nm is too low a patient's skin color may appear darkerand may be falsely diagnosed as cyanosed. If a light source's output at660 nm is too high, it may mask any cyanosis, and it may not bediagnosed when it is present. COI is a dimensionless number and iscalculated from the spectral power distribution of the light source. TheCOI value is calculated by calculating the color difference betweenblood viewed under the test light source and viewed under the referencelamp (a 4000 K Planckian source) for 50% and 100% oxygen saturation andaveraging the results. The lower the value of COI, the smaller the shiftin color appearance results under illumination by the source underconsideration.

The ability of a light source to accurately reproduce color inilluminated objects can be characterized by the Television LightingConsistency Index (“TLCI-2012” or “TLCI”) value Qa, as described fullyin EBU Tech 3355, Method for the Assessment of the ColorimetricProperties of Luminaires, European Broadcasting Union (“EBU”), Geneva,Switzerland (2014), and EBU Tech 3355-s1, An Introduction toSpectroradiometry, which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety, including all appendices, for all purposes. The TLCI comparesthe test light source to a reference luminaire, which is specified to beone whose chromaticity falls on either the Planckian or Daylight locusand having a color temperature which is that of the CCT of the testlight source. If the CCT is less than 3400 K, then a Planckian radiatoris assumed. If the CCT is greater than 5000 K, then a Daylight radiatoris assumed. If the CCT lies between 3400 K and 5000 K, then a mixedilluminant is assumed, being a linear interpolation between Planckian at3400 K and Daylight at 5000 K. Therefore, it is necessary to calculatespectral power distributions for both Planckian and Daylight radiators.The mathematics for both operations is known in the art and is describedmore fully in CIE Technical Report 15:2004, Colorimetry 3^(rd) ed.,International Commission on Illumination (2004), which is incorporatedherein in its entirety for all purposes.

Displays

Aspects of the present inventions relate to display systems that areadapted to produce and display color(s) at the pixel level that can beused to help in inducing and/or regulating a circadian rhythm cycle in aperson looking at the displays or otherwise proximate the display. Thedisplay systems may be computer displays or television displays. Thelighting system for the display systems pixels may be arranged toproduce colors of the pixels in the display that effect the circadianrhythm over the course of time. The lighting system may be adapted togenerate a circadian-inducing blue frequency of light (e.g. cyan, energyat and/or near 485 nm) that causes activity associated with ‘waking’ theperson through the circadian cycle (e.g. effecting, causing, ormaintaining a wakeful and alert state in the viewer by enablingmelatonin suppression by exciting the Intrinsically photosensitiveretinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)). It may also be adapted to reduce thecircadian-inducing blue frequency over time to reduce the ‘waking’effect. The lighting system may further be adapted with two or moreseparate blue frequencies such that either or both may be used togenerate the blue in the pixels of the display. One of the bluefrequencies may be a standard blue color (e.g. substantial energy aroundapproximately 450 nm, a narrow band emission around approximately 450nm) such that the display pixel generates standard display colors andanother blue frequency may be a circadian-inducing blue (e.g. a cyanemission, substantial energy around approximately 485 nm, a narrow orbroad band emission around approximately 485 nm) that is designed toeffect the circadian rhythm in a more significant way by waking theperson. With such a display, the display pixel colors can be changedfrom standard colors to represent colors accurately, according todisplay color standards, to display colors that are similar but notnecessarily standard colors to generate an effect of the person'scircadian rhythm. While the non-standard blue pixels may not be standardand may not display computer generated content in accordance with astandard color pallet, in many situations the colors may be acceptableby a user because the colors may still be acceptable while also inducinga circadian rhythm to awaken the person while using the display in thespecial color mode.

The circadian-inducing blue may have significant energy at a longerwavelength than the typical blue used in a display. The inventors haveappreciated that longer wavelengths in the blue and cyan regions (e.g.wavelengths between the typical display blue and typical display green)can be used to both generate acceptable colors in the computer-generatedcontent and also have a greater effect on a person's circadian rhythm.In embodiments, the energy may be provided in a narrow band (e.g. atypical LED narrow band emission spectra with a maximum energy between460 nm and 500 nm, 460 nm and 480 nm, 470 nm and 480 nm, or 490 nm and500 nm). In embodiments, the energy may be more broadly spread (e.g.through the use of a phosphor or quantum dot structure) such that thereis significant energy produced in the region between 460 nm and 500 nm.In such broad width systems the maximum energy may or may not fallwithin the 460 nm to 500 nm region. For example, the peak may be at ornear the typical display blue of 450 nm and also have significant energyin the 460 nm to 500 nm region. The significant energy may be anintensity of more than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% of the maximum energy.That significant energy may fall within the regions of 460 and 470 nm,470 nm and 480 nm, or 490 nm and 500 nm for example.

A computer display according to the principles of the present inventionsmay include a micro-LED array where the micro-LED array includes a pixelarray formed of micro-LEDs including red, green and blue generatingLEDs. In embodiments, the blue LED may be a circadian rhythm inducingblue LED (as described herein). If only three colors are arranged in thepixel array, the circadian-inducing blue for the pixel may not fallwithin the standard color gamut for the display but will generallygenerate acceptable colors while effecting the circadian rhythm. Inembodiments, the pixel array includes two different color generatingblue LEDs, one with a standard color for the display and one that maynot be within the standard color gamut for display but that is adaptedto effect the circadian rhythm to induce a waking effect. Thisarrangement would include four colors per pixel in the pixel array ofthe micro-LED array. In embodiments, the computer display includes onlya portion of micro-LEDs with the circadian rhythm effecting blue. Themicro-LED pixels may be built with different color generating LEDs,white LEDs with filters, LEDs with phosphors, etc.

In embodiments, the circadian-inducing blue microLED may have a narrowemission characteristic where substantially all of the energy isproduced over 120 nm or so and having a full width at half maximum(FWHM) of about 40 nm. FIG. 3a illustrates and example spectral powerdistribution of such a microLED. In embodiments, the circadian-inducingblue microLED may have a broader emission characteristic. FIG. 3cillustrates one such example spectral power distribution. The broaderemission may be developed by adding a phosphor to the microLED system,by using a number of narrow band emission microLEDs, etc. Inembodiments, a filter may be associated with the microLED. For example,the desired blue color point may include an emission band that isbroader than is achievable through a single narrow emission microLED soa phosphor or multiple narrow band LEDs may be used to broaden theemission and then a filter may be used to cut the broader emission downto the desired amount.

A standard color computer display may use a blue LED with a narrowemission characteristic, such as is illustrated in FIG. 3b . Inembodiments, the standard blue may be replaced with a broader band blue,such as is illustrated in FIG. 3d , to add some cyan to the emission(i.e. slightly longer wavelength energy). This configuration may alsoinclude a filter to cut the long tail but maintain some emission in thecircadian blue emission region.

A computer display according to the principles of the present inventionsmay include an LCD backlit pixel array. Generally, an LCD backlitdisplay has a backlight that generates a broadband of colors (e.g. whiteLEDs, white fluorescent) or one that generates narrow bands of color(e.g. red, green, and blue LEDs). Manufactures have typically adopted anarrangement where the backlight is a broadband white LED based systemand each pixel of the LCD array is associated with a colored filter(e.g. red, green and blue) to produce the full color gamut for eachpixel of the display. In embodiments, the LCD pixel array includesfilters to produce three colors per pixel based on a backlighting systemthat produces white light. The pixel filters filter the white light intored, green and blue. The backlight also generally produces a constantamount of light and the LCD's at each sub pixel color are changed toregulate the intensity of the color of the sub pixel (e.g. 256 stepsbased on a polarization setting at the sub pixel level). In embodiments,the blue filter is adapted to transmit light that is more effective ateffecting the circadian rhythm (e.g. 485 nm). In embodiments, each pixelincludes a fourth filter for a fourth sub pixel color. The fourth pixeluses a circadian blue pass filter such that light transmitting the subpixel filter effects the circadian cycle in a more significant way thanlight passing through a standard blue filter in the pixel array. Withthe fourth filter configuration, the display may be set to use oneand/or the other color of blue to form the blue in the pixels.

In other embodiments, the backlight produces red, green and blue in asequence and only one LCD is used per pixel position such that the oneLCD will turn on in sequence with the desired corresponding requiredcolor for the pixel. The sequential lighting system may than include acircadian-inducing blue color to effect the circadian rhythm. Thesequential lighting system may further include two different colors ofblue (e.g. standard blue and circadian blue) and the sequence cyclesthrough all four colors. In embodiments, the circadian blue color may ormay not be included in every cycle of the sequence. Reducing the numberof cycles involves may have an effect on the perceived combined color ofthe pixel and of the effect of the circadian rhythm.

In embodiments of the LCD configuration(s), the backlight may bemodified to include enhanced emission at the circadian blue region. Forexample, a cyan LED may be included in the backlight itself such that itproduces enough emission in the circadian blue region that it cangenerate adequate color for display and effect on the person's circadianrhythm. The backlight may include a broadband emission source (e.g. asillustrated in FIG. 3c ) or a narrow emission source (e.g. asillustrated in FIG. 3a ) for this purpose. The filter associated withthe circadian blue pixels can then be adjusted to transmit the desiredbandwidth of light in the region. Traditionally, the backlights used ina display do not produce much emission in this desired region sochanging the lighting system to include more emission in this region maybe desirable.

A computer display according to the principles of the present inventionsmay include an OLED pixel array where the OLED array includes a pixelarray formed of OLED sub pixels. The OLEDs may including red, green andblue generating OLEDs. In other embodiments, the OLEDs may produce whitelight and include filters to pass only the particular color desired forthe sub pixel. In embodiments, the blue OLED or filter may be adapted toproduce a circadian rhythm inducing blue color. If only three colors arearranged in the pixel array, the blue for the pixel may not fall withinthe standard color for the display but will generally generateacceptable colors while effecting the circadian rhythm. In embodiments,the pixel array may include two different color blue OLEDs, one with astandard color for the display and one that may not be within thestandard color gamut for display but that is adapted to effect thecircadian rhythm wake cycle. This arrangement would include four colorsper pixel in the pixel array of the OLED array. In embodiments, thecomputer display includes only a portion of OLEDs with the circadianrhythm effecting blue.

In embodiments, the circadian-inducing OLED may produce a broadband oflight in the region and be filtered. In embodiments, thecircadian-inducing OLED may produce a narrow band emission and possiblybe filtered or not.

Aspects of the present inventions relate to the inclusion of more thanthree standard colors in a computer display pixel array. The more thanthree colors may include the addition of a color(s) that is intended toprovide a display that is switchable between a standard color gamut anda modified color gamut. The modification to the pixel colors may beadapted to produce pixel colors that can effect a person's circadianrhythm while maintaining the display as an effective computer displayfor the presentation of digital content. A computer processor associatedwith the display may be used, either automatically (e.g. based on sensedconditions, based on time of day, based on a schedule) or through a userinterface, to switch between the two modes. Such a system may also beoperated in a mode where both a standard blue and circadian blue areoperated simultaneously or through a rapid switching mode (e.g. pulsewidth modulation to regulate the apparent intensity of each one). Themodified color pixel array may be regulated by the computer system tochange the pixel colors over time to assist in regulating the person'scircadian cycle. The control system may further operate based on datasources that describe the user of the display (e.g. wearable sensors,sleep sensors, as described herein).

FIG. 1 illustrates some examples of computer displays 102 in variousconfigurations. Each of the configurations includes an array of pixels106 positioned and controlled to display computer-generated content. Oneconfiguration is a desktop computer display 102a. The desktopconfiguration includes a peripheral 104 (e.g. keyboard, mouse, drawingpad, Bluetooth connected device, WiFi connected device). The desktop, orany other configuration, may receive data from personal devices (e.g. auser's fitbit, sleep sensor) and adjust the color and/or intensity ofthe light emitted by the pixels 106. Device 102 b is a small touchscreen device (e.g. phone, pda). Device 102 c is a tablet device, whichmay have a touch screen. The display could also be a television, whichmay be an Internet device, radio receiver device, cable TV device,satellite TV device, etc.

FIG. 2 illustrates various examples of circadian lighting pixelconstructions that may be built into a display in accordance with theprinciples of the present inventions. These examples are simplifiedexamples of the basic construction of the various display technologiesat a pixel level. The three examples presented are the microLED 200,OLED 230, and backlit LCD 240. Each of these examples uses a pixeltechnology that generates light at the pixel level that is outside ofthe normal display color gamut and at a color point or frequency that isknown to effect a person's circadian rhythm.

A microLED based computer display may be based on an array of microLEDpixels 200. Each micoLED pixel 200 in the area of the display mayinclude different color producing microLEDs 200, electrodes 208 to powerand control each microLED in each pixel, and a substrate 208. Each ofthe microLEDs may emit light of a particular color based on thematerials used in the construction of the microLED. As a secondaryexample, the microLED(s) may be arranged to irradiate a phosphor forcolor conversion or they may be arranged to transmit light through afilter. In embodiments, the microLEDs in the pixel may be red, green andcircadian blue. The circadian blue may be a blue outside of the normalblue gamut that is used in a display. It may be a blue with spectralcharacteristics of the circadian lighting systems disclosed herein. In aconfiguration where only three colors are included in the pixel, thecolor gamut of the display may always be outside of the standard displaygamut. This may be acceptable to a user that is less concerned about theexact color of displayed content and more concerned with receiving alight that effects the user's circadian rhythm while still havingreasonable colors produced. In another embodiment, the pixel may includefour colors: red, green, standard display blue and circadian blue. Thisconfiguration lends itself to a control system that can switch betweenthe standard blue and the circadian blue. The circadian blue may be usedin the morning hours, for example, and then the display may switch tothe standard blue in later hours. In yet later hours, the standard bluemay be turned down to further reduce the stimulation of the circadianrhythm. The two blues may fade in and out in a synchronized fashion.Both may be on at one time to reduce the circadian blue as the systemtransitions to the standard blue.

An OLED based computer display may be based on an array of OLED pixels230. The OLED pixel 230 may have three separately controllable OLEDs 212in each pixel. Each one may emit a similar color (e.g. white) and eachone may be optically associated with a different colored filter 211 togenerate red, green and circadian blue. In an alternate construction,each OLED emitter may generate its own color (e.g. through a differentmaterial, through a phosphor conversion). Each OLED pixel may beconstructed with electrodes 214 to power and control each color and asubstrate 216. In embodiments, the color set includes a circadian blue(e.g. as described herein). In embodiments, the color set has only threecolors, including the circadian blue, and the display produces colorsoutside of the standard display color gamut. In embodiments, the colorset has four colors, including a standard blue and a circadian blue,such that a control system could choose which blue to activate andcontrol as described herein.

A backlit LCD based computer display may be based on an array of backlitLCD pixels 240. The construction of the LCD display may include liquidcrystals 206 for multiple channels at each pixel where each liquidcrystal in the pixel is associated with a filter that filters the lightfrom a backlight 210. In this configuration, the backlight 210 makeswhite light and the filters cut the white light into a particular color,generally red, green and blue. In embodiments, the blue filter in thecolor filter layer 210 is a circadian blue color filter. In embodiments,the filter layer 210 includes two blue filters, associated with twoseparate liquid crystals: one for circadian blue and one for thestandard display blue. In embodiments, the color set includes acircadian blue (e.g. as described herein). In embodiments, the filtercolor set has only three colors, including the circadian blue, and thedisplay produces colors outside of the standard display color gamut. Inembodiments, the filter color set has four colors, including a standardblue and a circadian blue, such that a control system could choose whichblue to activate and control.

In embodiments, the LCD pixels may be arranged with a backlight 210 thatsequentially cycles through separate colors and the liquid crystal layerin this arrangement may only have one liquid crystal per pixel and itmay not include a filter layer. As the backlight sequences through itscolors the liquid crystal can be turned on to emit the correct color. Byquickly cycling through the colors the user's eye can integrate thecolor and perceive it as a combined color. For example, leaving theliquid crystal in the ‘on’ or transmit mode and cycling very quicklybetween red and blue of equal intensity can cause the person to perceivethe pixel as purple. In such a construction, the backlight 210 mayinclude a circadian blue emitter(s). In embodiments, the backlight 210includes both a standard display blue and a circadian blue.

Another aspect of the present inventions relates to a computer displayedge lighting system or peripheral. An edge lighting system may surroundthe computer display and emit light that effects the circadian rhythm ofa person using or proximate the computer display. The edge lightingsystem may include a lighting system similar to the display lightingsystems described herein or a panel lighting system as described herein.The edge lighting system may be coordinated with the pixels of thedisplay (e.g. through a computer system associated with both devices).It may otherwise be controlled separately (e.g. as described herein).

Types of Circadian Lighting Systems for Display Systems

Lighting systems that may be used in display systems in accordance withthe principles of the present inventions include, for example,2-channel, 3-channel, 4-channel, 5-channel, or 6-channel LED-basedcolor-tuning systems. Individual channels within the multi-channelsystems may have particular color points and spectral powerdistributions for the light output generated by the channel. As usedherein, the term “channel” refers to all the components in alight-generating pathway from an LED (microLED, OLED) through anyfiltering or other components until the light exits the display system.

In some implementations, 2-channel systems can be used having two whitelight channels. The two white light channels can be those described morefully in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/757,664, filed Nov.8, 2018, entitled “Two-Channel Tunable Lighting Systems withControllable Equivalent Melanopic Lux and Correlated Color TemperatureOutputs,” and International Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/013356,filed Jan. 11, 2019, entitled “Two-Channel Tunable Lighting Systems WithControllable Equivalent Melanopic Lux And Correlated Color TemperatureOutputs” the entirety of which is incorporated herein for all purposes.

White Light Channels

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides for display systemsthat incorporate two white lighting channels, which can be referred toherein as a first lighting channel and a second lighting channel. Thewhite lighting channels can be used to backlight a display system thatutilizes color filtering in order to generate a digital display.

First Lighting Channels5

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides first lighting channelsfor use in lighting systems. The first lighting channels can have firstcolor points with CCT values between about 4000K and about 6500K. Insome implementations, the first color point can have a CCT of about4000K. In certain implementations, the first color point can have a CCTof about 4000K, about 4100K, about 4200K, about 4300K, about 4400K,about 4500K, about 4600K, about 4700K, about 4800K, about 4900K, about5000K, about 5100K, about 5200K, about 5300K, about 5400K, about 5500K,about 5600K, about 5700K, about 5800K, about 5900K, about 6000K, about6100K, about 6200K, about 6300K, about 6400K, or about 6500K.

In some implementations, the first lighting channel can have one or moreLEDs having an emission with a first peak wavelength of between about440 nm and about 510 nm. In certain implementations, the first lightingchannel can have one or more LEDs having an emission with a first peakwavelength of about 450 nm.

In some implementations, the first lighting channel can have a firstcolor point with a CCT value of about 4000K. The first lighting channelcan have a first color point with a color-point range 304A can bedefined by a polygonal region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagramdefined by the following ccx, ccy color coordinates: (0.4006, 0.4044),(0.3736, 0.3874), (0.3670, 0.3578), (0.3898, 0.3716), which correlatesto an ANSI C78.377-2008 standard 4000K nominal CCT white light withtarget CCT and tolerance of 3985±275K and target duv and tolerance of0.001±0.006, as more fully described in American National Standard ANSIC78.377-2008, “Specifications for the Chromaticity of Solid StateLighting Products,” National Electrical Manufacturers Association,American National Standard Lighting Group, which is incorporated hereinin its entirety for all purposes. In some implementations, suitablecolor-point ranges for the first color point can be described as MacAdamellipse color ranges in the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram color space,as illustrated schematically in FIG. 14, which depicts a color-pointrange 402, the black body locus 401, and a line 403 of constant ccycoordinates on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram. In FIG. 14, MacAdamellipse ranges are described with major axis “a”, minor axis “b”, andellipse rotation angle θ relative to line 403. In some implementations,the color-point range for the first color point can be range 304B, anembodiment of color range 402, and can be defined as a single 5-stepMacAdam ellipse with center point (0.3818, 0.3797) with a major axis “a”of 0.01565, minor axis “b” of 0.00670, with an ellipse rotation angle θof 52.70°, shown relative to a line 403. In some implementations, thecolor-point range for the first color point can be range 304C, anembodiment of color range 402, and can be defined as a single 3-stepMacAdam ellipse with center point (0.3818, 0.3797) with a major axis “a”of 0.00939, minor axis “b” of 0.00402, with an ellipse rotation angle θof 53.7°, shown relative to a line 403. In further implementations, thefirst color point can be within the color-point ranges described inTable 57 for the selected boundary for each nominal CCT value. In otherimplementations, the color-point range for the first color point can bea region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by a polygonconnecting the (ccx, ccy) coordinates (0.0.3670, 0.3575), (0.3737,0.3875), (0.4007, 0.4047), and (0.3898, 0.3720). In yet furtherimplementations, the color-point range for the first color point can bea region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by a 4-stepMacAdam ellipse centered at 3985K CCT and duv=+0.9845. In otherimplementations, the color-point range for the first color point can bea region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by a polygonconnecting the (ccx, ccy) coordinates (0.3703, 0.3590), (0.3851,0.3679), (0.3942, 0.3972), and (0.3769, 0.3864).

In some implementations, the first lighting channel can have certainspectral power distributions. Some aspects of some exemplary firstlighting channels are shown in Table 44. Aspects of the spectral powerdistributions for the exemplary first lighting channels shown in Table44 and an average of the exemplary first lighting channels (shown as“Exemplary 1st channels avg”) are provided in Tables 46, 48, 50, 52, and53, which show the ratios of spectral power within wavelength ranges,with an arbitrary reference wavelength range selected for each exemplaryfirst lighting channel or average thereof and normalized to a value of100.0, except for Table 53, in which the values are normalized to avalue of 1.000. In certain implementations, the first lighting channelcan have a first spectral power distribution with spectral power in oneor more of the wavelength ranges other than the reference wavelengthrange increased or decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20%greater or less, within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater orless than the values shown in Tables 46, 48, 50, 52, and 53. In someimplementations, the first lighting channel can have a spectral powerdistribution that falls between the minimum (shown as “min”) and maximum(shown as “max”) values in each of the wavelength ranges as shown in oneor more of the Tables 46, 48, 50, 52, and 53. In furtherimplementations, the first lighting channel can have a spectral powerdistribution that falls between values 5% less, 10% less, 20% less, or30% less than the minimum (shown as “min”) and values 5% more, 10% more,20% more, or 30% more than the maximum (shown as “max”) values in eachof the wavelength ranges as shown in one or more of the Tables 46, 48,50, 52, and 53. FIGS. 5, 9, 10, and 12 depict aspects of first spectralpower distributions for the exemplary first lighting channels describedherein. FIG. 12 depicts a spectral power distribution 1600 for theexemplary lighting channel “5000K Ch1” listed in Table 44 and furthercharacterized elsewhere herein. FIG. 10 depicts a spectral powerdistribution 1400 for the exemplary lighting channel “4000K Ch3” listedin Table 44 and further characterized elsewhere herein. FIG. 9 depicts aspectral power distribution 1300 for the exemplary lighting channel“4000K Ch2” listed in Table 44 and further characterized elsewhereherein. FIG. 9 depicts a spectral power distribution 900 for theexemplary lighting channel “4000K Ch4” listed in Table 44 and furthercharacterized elsewhere herein. FIG. 5 further depicts some exemplarywavelength ranges 901A, 901B, 901C, 901D, and 901E, which correspond tothe wavelength ranges shown in Table 53. As shown in Table 53, in someimplementations, first lighting channels may have particular spectralpower values within one or more of wavelength ranges 901A, 901B, 901C,901D, and 901E, or other wavelength ranges not depicted in FIG. 5 orshown in Table 53 but described elsewhere herein.

In some aspects, the first lighting channel can have a first white lighthaving a first color point with a CCT and EML value that falls within arange of possible pairings of CCT and EML values, also referred toherein as a CCT-EML range. A suitable CCT-EML range 1710 for firstlighting channels of the present disclosure is shown graphically in FIG.13, which also shows exemplary point pairings of CCT and EML for theexemplary first lighting channels shown in Table 3. Tables 1 and 2 showCCT and EML values for color points generated by somecommercially-available fixed-CCT LED-driven white light systems havingRa values of approximately 80.

Second Lighting Channels

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides second lightingchannels for use in lighting systems. The second lighting channels canhave second color points with CCT values between about 1800K and about2700K. In some implementations, the first color point can have a CCT ofabout 2400K. In some implementations, the first color point can have aCCT of about 1800K, about 1900K, about 2000K, about 2100K, about 2200K,about 2300K, about 2400K, about 2500K, about 2600K, or about 2700K.

In some implementations, the second lighting channel can have one ormore LEDs having an emission with a second peak wavelength of betweenabout 380 nm and about 420 nm. In certain implementations, the secondlighting channel can have one or more LEDs having an emission with asecond peak wavelength of about 410 nm. In some aspects, the use of adifferent peak wavelength for the LEDs in the second lighting channel incomparison to the LEDs in the first lighting channel can contribute tothe desired performance of the lighting systems of the disclosure.

In some implementations of the present disclosure, the second lightingchannel can produce light having a second color point within a suitablecolor-point range. In certain implementations, the second color pointcan be within the color-point ranges described in Table 57 for theselected boundary for each nominal CCT value. In some implementations,the second color point can be within a color-point range defined by aregion bounded by a polygon connecting the (ccx, ccy) coordinates on the1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram of (0.4593, 0.3944), (0.5046, 0.4007),(0.5262 0.4381), and (0.4813 0.4319). In further implementations, thesecond color point can be within a color-point range defined by a regionbounded by a 4-step MacAdam ellipse centered at 2370K CCT value andduv=−0.3. In yet further implementations, the second color point can bewithin a color-point range defined by a region bounded by a polygonconnecting the (ccx, ccy) coordinates on the 1931 CIE ChromaticityDiagram of (0.4745, 0.4025), (0.4880, 0.4035), (0.5036, 0.4254),(0.4880, 0.4244).

In some implementations, the second lighting channel can have certainspectral power distributions. Some aspects of some exemplary secondlighting channels are shown in Table 44. Aspects of the spectral powerdistributions for the exemplary second lighting channels shown in Table44 and an average of the exemplary second lighting channels (shown as“Exemplary 2nd channels avg”) are provided in Tables 45, 47, 49, 51, and53, which show the ratios of spectral power within wavelength ranges,with an arbitrary reference wavelength range selected for each exemplarysecond lighting channel or average thereof and normalized to a value of100.0, except for Table 53, in which the values are normalized to avalue of 1.000. In certain implementations, the second lighting channelcan have a spectral power distribution with spectral power in one ormore of the wavelength ranges other than the reference wavelength rangeincreased or decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater orless, within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than thevalues shown in one or more of Tables 45, 47, 49, 51, and 53. In someimplementations, the second lighting channel can have a spectral powerdistribution that falls between the minimum (shown as “min”) and maximum(shown as “max”) values in each of the wavelength ranges as shown in oneor more of the Tables 45, 47, 49, 51, and 53. In furtherimplementations, the second lighting channel can have a spectral powerdistribution that falls between values 5% less, 10% less, 20% less, or30% less than the minimum (shown as “min”) and values 5% more, 10% more,20% more, or 30% more than the maximum (shown as “max”) values in eachof the wavelength ranges as shown in one or more of the Tables 45, 47,49, 51, and 53. FIG. 7 depicts a spectral power distribution 1100 forthe exemplary lighting channel “2400K Ch2” listed in Table 44 andfurther characterized elsewhere herein. FIG. 8 depicts a spectral powerdistribution 1200 for the exemplary lighting channel “2400K Ch3” listedin Table 44 and further characterized elsewhere herein. FIG. 11 depictsa spectral power distribution 1500 for the exemplary lighting channel“1800K Ch1” listed in Table 44 and further characterized elsewhereherein. FIG. 6 depicts a spectral power distribution 1000 for theexemplary lighting channel “2400K Ch3” listed in Table 44 and furthercharacterized elsewhere herein. FIG. 6 further depicts some exemplarywavelength ranges 1001A, 1001B, 1001C, 1001D, and 1001E, whichcorrespond to the wavelength ranges shown in Table 53. As shown in Table53, in some implementations, second lighting channels may haveparticular spectral power values within one or more of wavelength ranges1001A, 1001B, 1001C, 1001D, and 1001E, or other wavelength ranges notdepicted in FIG. 6 or shown in Table 12 but described elsewhere herein.

Colored Lighting Channels

In some implementations, the 3-channel LED-based color-tuning systemscan include channels as described in U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/712,182 filed Jul. 30, 2018, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/757,672, filed Nov. 8, 2018, entitled “SwitchableSystems for White Light with High Color Rendering and BiologicalEffects,” which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes.

In certain implementations, the 4-channel, 5-channel, and 6-channelLED-based color tuning systems can include channels as described morefully in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/757,672, filed Nov.8, 2018, entitled “Switchable Systems for White Light with High ColorRendering and Biological Effects,” which is incorporated herein in itsentirety for all purposes.

In some implementations, display systems can comprise standard lightingchannels for red, blue, and green color points used in digital displaysystems known to those of skill in the art, such as those describedherein and shown in FIG. 3b , and additional lighting channels eachcomprising a cyan lighting channel with an output with a color point ina cyan color region. The standard lighting channels may have lightemissions with substantially all of the spectral energy distributioncontained within a wavelength range of about 120 nm a full width at halfmaximum (FWHM) of about 40 nm. In certain implementations, the cyanlighting channel may include cyan lighting elements and channels asdescribed in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/020792,filed Mar. 2, 2018, as short-blue-pumped cyan channels driven by LEDshaving peak wavelengths of between about 430 nm to about 460 nm(referred to as “green” therein) and long-blue-pumped cyan channelsdriven by LEDs having peak wavelengths ranging from about 460 nm toabout 485 nm (referred to as “cyan” therein). In furtherimplementations, the cyan lighting channel may include cyan lightingelements and channels as described in U.S. Provisional Application No.62/757,672, filed Nov. 8, 2018, as long-blue-pumped cyan andshort-blue-pumped cyan. In some implementations, the display systems cancomprise at least one lighting channel that comprises ashort-blue-pumped cyan channel and at least one lighting channel thatcomprises a long-blue-pumped cyan channel.

In some implementations, the cyan light channels can have spectral powerdistributions. Tables 1-4 show the ratios of spectral power withinwavelength ranges, with an arbitrary reference wavelength range selectedfor each color range and normalized to a value of 100.0. In certainimplementations, the spectral power distribution of a cyan light channelfalls between minimum and maximum values in particular wavelength rangesrelative to an arbitrary reference wavelength range. In someimplementations, the short-blue-pumped cyan can fall within the valuesbetween Short-blue-pumped cyan minimum 1 and Short-blue-pumped cyanmaximum 1 in the wavelength ranges shown in Table 1, Table 2, or bothTables 1 and 2. In other implementations, the short-blue-pumped cyan canfall within the values between Short-blue-pumped cyan minimum 1 andShort-blue-pumped cyan maximum 2 in the wavelength ranges shown inTable 1. In some implementations, the Long-Blue-Pumped Cyan lightingchannel can produce light with spectral power distribution that fallswithin the values between Long-Blue-Pumped Cyan minimum 1 andLong-Blue-Pumped Cyan maximum 1 in the wavelength ranges shown in Table1, Table 2, or both Tables 1 and 2. Tables 3 and 4 show the ratios ofspectral power within wavelength ranges, with an arbitrary referencewavelength range selected for the short-blue-pumped cyan color range andnormalized to a value of 100.0, for a short-blue-pumped cyan channelthat may be used in some implementations of the disclosure. Theexemplary Short-blue-pumped cyan Channel 1 has a ccx, ccy colorcoordinate shown in Table 5. In certain implementations, theshort-blue-pumped cyan channel can have a spectral power distributionwith spectral power in one or more of the wavelength ranges other thanthe reference wavelength range increased or decreased within 30% greateror less, within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater or less, orwithin 5% greater or less than the values shown in Table 3 or 4. In someimplementations, the long-blue-pumped cyan channel can produce cyanlight having certain spectral power distributions. Tables 3 and 4 showsratios of spectral power within wavelength ranges, with an arbitraryreference wavelength range selected for the long-blue-pumped cyan colorrange and normalized to a value of 100.0, for several non-limitingembodiments of the long-blue-pumped cyan channel. The exemplaryLong-blue-pumped cyan Channel 1 has a ccx, ccy color coordinate Shown inTable 5. In certain implementations, the long-blue-pumped cyan channelcan have a spectral power distribution with spectral power in one ormore of the wavelength ranges other than the reference wavelength rangeincreased or decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater orless, within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than thevalues shown in Table 3 and 4.

Blue Channels

In some implementations of the present disclosure, lighting systems caninclude blue channels that produce light with a blue color point thatfalls within a blue color range. In certain implementations, suitableblue color ranges can include blue color ranges 301A-F. FIG. 22A depictsa blue color range 301A defined by a line connecting the ccx, ccy colorcoordinates of the infinity point of the Planckian locus (0.242, 0.24)and (0.12, 0.068), the Planckian locus from 4000K and infinite CCT, theconstant CCT line of 4000K, the line of purples, and the spectral locus.FIG. 22A also depicts a blue color range 301D defined by a lineconnecting (0.3806, 0.3768) and (0.0445, 0.3), the spectral locusbetween the monochromatic point of 490 nm and (0.12, 0.068), a lineconnecting the ccx, ccy color coordinates of the infinity point of thePlanckian locus (0.242, 0.24) and (0.12, 0.068), and the Planckian locusfrom 4000K and infinite CCT. The blue color range may also be thecombination of ranges 301A and 301D together. FIG. 25 depicts a bluecolor range 301B can be defined by a 60-step MacAdam ellipse at a CCT of20000K, 40 points below the Planckian locus. FIG. 26 depicts a bluecolor range 301C that is defined by a polygonal region on the 1931 CIEChromaticity Diagram defined by the following ccx, ccy colorcoordinates: (0.22, 0.14), (0.19, 0.17), (0.26, 0.26), (0.28, 0.23).FIG. 10 depicts blue color ranges 301E and 301F. Blue color range 301Eis defined by lines connecting (0.231, 0.218), (0.265, 0.260), (0.2405,0.305), and (0.207, 0.256).

TABLE 1 Spectral Power Distribution for Wavelength Ranges (nm) 380 < 420< 460 < 500 < 540 < 580 < 620 < 660 < 700 < 740 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 420 460 500 540 580 620 660 700 740 780 Blue minimum 10.3 100.0 0.8 15.2 25.3 26.3 15.1 5.9 1.7 0.5 Blue maximum 1 110.4 100.0196.1 61.3 59.2 70.0 80.2 22.1 10.2 4.1 Red minimum 1 0.0 10.5 0.1 0.12.2 36.0 100.0 2.2 0.6 0.3 Red maximum 1 2.0 1.4 3.1 7.3 22.3 59.8 100.061.2 18.1 5.2 Short-blue- 3.9 100.0 112.7 306.2 395.1 318.2 245.0 138.839.5 10.3 pumped cyan minimum 1 Short-blue- 130.6 100.0 553.9 2660.64361.9 3708.8 2223.8 712.2 285.6 99.6 pumped cyan maximum 1 Short-blue-130.6 100.0 553.9 5472.8 9637.9 12476.9 13285.5 6324.7 1620.3 344.7pumped cyan maximum 2 Long-blue- 0.0 0.0 100.0 76.6 38.0 33.4 19.6 7.12.0 0.6 pumped cyan minimum 1 Long-blue- 1.8 36.1 100.0 253.9 202.7145.0 113.2 63.1 24.4 7.3 pumped cyan maximum 1

TABLE 2 Spectral Power Distribution for Wavelength Ranges (nm) 380 < 500< 600 < 700 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 500 600 700 780 Blue minimum 1 100.0 27.019.3 20.5 Blue maximum 1 100.0 74.3 46.4 51.3 Red minimum 1 100.0 51.4575.6 583.7 Red maximum 1 100.0 2332.8 8482.2 9476.2 Short-blue-pumpedcyan 100.0 279.0 170.8 192.8 minimum 1 Short-blue-pumped cyan 100.03567.4 4366.3 4696.6 maximum 1 Long-blue-pumped cyan 100.0 155.3 41.143.5 minimum 1 Long-blue-pumped cyan 100.0 503.0 213.2 243.9 maximum 1

TABLE 3 Spectral Power Distribution for Wavelength Ranges (nm) 380 < 400< 420 < 440 < 460 < 480 < 500 < 520 < 540 < 560 < 580 < Exemplary Colorλ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ Channels 400 420 440 460 480500 520 540 560 580 600 Blue Channel 1 0.1 1.2 20.6 100 49.2 35.7 37.236.7 33.4 26.5 19.8 Red Channel 1 0.0 0.3 1.4 1.3 0.4 0.9 4.2 9.4 15.326.4 45.8 Short-Blue-Pumped 0.2 1.2 8.1 22.2 17.5 46.3 88.2 98.5 100.090.2 73.4 Cyan Channel 1 Long-Blue-Pumped 0.0 0.1 0.7 9.9 83.8 100 75.765.0 62.4 55.5 43.4 Cyan Channel 1 Blue Channel 2 0.4 2.5 17.2 100 60.930.9 29.3 30.2 28.6 24.3 20.7 Red Channel 2 0.1 0.4 1.1 3.4 3.6 2.7 5.911.0 16.9 28.1 46.8 Short-Blue-Pumped 0.5 0.6 3.4 13.5 16.6 47.2 83.795.8 100.0 95.8 86.0 Cyan Channel 2 Long-Blue-Pumped 0.1 0.2 1.0 9.154.6 100.0 99.6 75.7 65.5 56.8 48.9 Cyan Channel 2 Spectral PowerDistribution for Wavelength Ranges (nm) 600 < 620 < 640 < 660 < 680 <700 < 720 < 740 < 760 < 780 < Exemplary Color λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ Channels 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 BlueChannel 1 14.4 10.6 7.6 4.7 2.6 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.0 Red Channel 1 66.087.0 100.0 72.5 42.0 22.3 11.6 6.1 3.1 0.0 Short-Blue-Pumped 57.0 48.141.4 27.0 15.1 7.9 4.0 2.1 1.0 0.0 Cyan Channel 1 Long-Blue-Pumped 30.921.5 14.5 8.5 4.5 2.4 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.0 Cyan Channel 1 Blue Channel 2 18.516.6 13.6 9.5 6.0 3.5 2.0 1.2 0.8 0.0 Red Channel 2 68.9 92.6 100.0 73.944.5 24.7 13.1 6.8 3.5 0.0 Short-Blue-Pumped 76.4 74.6 68.3 46.1 26.114.0 7.2 3.6 1.8 0.0 Cyan Channel 2 Long-Blue-Pumped 41.3 33.3 24.1 15.89.4 5.4 3.0 1.7 1.1 0.0 Cyan Channel 2

TABLE 4 Spectral Power Distribution for Wavelength Ranges (nm) 380 < 420< 460 < 500 < 540 < 580 < 620 < 660 < 700 < 740 < Exemplary Color λ ≤ λ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ Channels 420 460 500 540 580 620 660700 740 780 Red Channel 1 0.2 1.4 0.7 7.3 22.3 59.8 100.0 61.2 18.1 4.9Red Channel 2 1.8 4.2 2.7 7.2 19.3 59.1 100.0 59.5 20.4 5.9 Blue Channel1 1.1 100.0 70.4 61.3 49.7 28.4 15.1 6.0 1.7 0.5 Blue Channel 2 25.7100.0 69.4 31.6 38.7 38.3 33.7 14.9 5.6 2.0 Short-Blue-Pumped 0.7 15.933.5 98.2 100.0 68.6 47.1 22.1 6.3 1.7 Cyan Channel 1 Short-Blue-Pumped30.3 100.0 313.2 1842.7 2770.2 2841.2 2472.2 1119.1 312.7 77.8 CyanChannel 2 Long-blue-pumped 0.0 5.8 100.0 76.6 64.1 40.4 19.6 7.1 2.0 0.6cyan Channel 1 Long-blue-pumped 0.4 5.3 100.0 165.3 105.4 77.0 49.0 22.78.1 2.3 cyan Channel 2

TABLE 5 LED pump peak Exemplary Color Channels ccx ccy wavelength RedChannel 1 0.5932 0.3903 450-455 nm Blue Channel 1 0.2333 0.2588 450-455nm Long-Blue-Pumped Cyan 0.2934 0.4381 505 nm Channel 1Short-Blue-Pumped Cyan 0.373 0.4978 450-455 nm Channel 1 Violet Channel1 0.3585 0.3232 380 nm Violet Channel 2 0.3472 0.3000 400 nm VioletChannel 3 0.2933 0.2205 410 nm Violet Channel 4 0.3333 0.2868 420 nmViolet Channel 5 400 nm Yellow Channel 1 0.4191 0.5401 380 nm YellowChannel 2 0.4218 0.5353 400 nm Yellow Channel 3 0.4267 0.5237 410 nmYellow Channel 4 0.4706 0.4902 420 nm Yellow Channel 5 400 nm YellowChannel 6 410 nm

In certain implementations, the cyan lighting channels described herein,including short-blue-pumped cyan channels and long-blue-pumped cyanchannels as described herein, can generate light outputs with cyan colorpoints that fall within a cyan color range. In certain implementations,suitable cyan color ranges can include cyan color ranges 303A-E, whichcan be seen in FIGS. 22B, 23, and 24. Cyan color range 303A is definedby a line connecting the ccx, ccy color coordinates (0.18, 0.55) and(0.27, 0.72), the constant CCT line of 9000K, the Planckian locusbetween 9000K and 1800K, the constant CCT line of 1800K, and thespectral locus on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram. A cyan color range303B can be defined by the region bounded by lines connecting (0.360,0.495), (0.371, 0.518), (0.388, 0.522), and (0.377, 0.499). A cyan colorrange 303C is defined by a line connecting the ccx, ccy colorcoordinates (0.18, 0.55) and (0.27, 0.72), the constant CCT line of9000K, the Planckian locus between 9000K and 4600K, the constant CCTline of 4600K, and the spectral locus. A cyan color range 303D isdefined by the constant CCT line of 4600K, the spectral locus, theconstant CCT line of 1800K, and the Planckian locus between 4600K and1800K. In some implementations, the long-blue-pumped cyan channel canprovide a color point within a cyan color region 303E defined by linesconnecting (0.497, 0.469), (0.508, 0.484), (0.524, 0.472), and (0.513,0.459).

In some implementations, the LEDs in the cyan color channels can be LEDswith peak emission wavelengths at or below about 535 nm. In someimplementations, the LEDs emit light with peak emission wavelengthsbetween about 360 nm and about 535 nm. In some implementations, the LEDsin the cyan color channels can be formed from InGaN semiconductormaterials. In some implementations, the LEDs used in thelong-blue-pumped cyan channels can be LEDs having peak emissionwavelengths between about 360 nm and about 535 nm, between about 380 nmand about 520 nm, between about 470 nm and about 505 nm, about 480 nm,about 470 nm, about 460 nm, about 455 nm, about 450 nm, or about 445 nm.In certain implementations, the LEDs used in long-blue-pumped cyanchannels can have a peak wavelength between about 460 nm and 515 nm. Insome implementations, the LEDs in the long-blue-pumped cyan channels caninclude one or more LUXEON Rebel Blue LEDs (LXML-PB01, LXML-PB02) ofcolor bins 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, which have peak wavelengths ranging from460 nm to 485 nm, or LUXEON Rebel Cyan LEDs (LXML-PE01) of color bins 1,2, 3, 4, or 5, which have peak wavelengths raving from 460 nm to 485 nm.In some implementations, the short-blue-pumped cyan channels can haveLEDs having a peak wavelength between about 405 nm and about 485 nm,between about 430 nm and about 460 nm, between about 430 nm and about455 nm, between about 430 nm and about 440 nm, between about 440 nm andabout 450 nm, between about 440 nm and about 445 nm, or between about445 nm and about 450 nm. The LEDs used in the short-blue-pumped cyanchannels may have full-width half-maximum wavelength ranges of betweenabout 10 nm and about 30 nm. In some preferred implementations, theshort-blue-pumped cyan channels can include one or more LUXEON Z ColorLine royal blue LEDs (product code LXZ1-PB01) of color bin codes 3, 4,5, or 6, one or more LUXEON Z Color Line blue LEDs (LXZ1-PB01) of colorbin code 1 or 2, or one or more LUXEON royal blue LEDs (product codeLXML-PR01 and LXML-PR02) of color bins 3, 4, 5, or 6 (Lumileds HoldingB.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands).

Yellow Channels

In some implementations of the present disclosure, lighting systems caninclude yellow channels that produce light with a yellow color pointthat falls within a yellow color range. Non-limiting FIGS. 17A and 17Bdepicts some aspects of suitable yellow color ranges for implementationsof yellow channels of the present disclosure. In some implementations,the yellow channels can produce light having a yellow color point thatfalls within a yellow color range 1401, with boundaries defined on the1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram of the constant CCT line of 5000K from thePlanckian locus to the spectral locus, the spectral locus, and thePlanckian locus from 5000K to 550K. In certain implementations, theyellow channels can produce light having a yellow color point that fallswithin a yellow color range 1402, with boundaries defined on the 1931CIE Chromaticity Diagram by a polygon connecting (ccx, ccy) coordinatesof (0.47, 0.45), (0.48, 0.495), (0.41, 0.57), and (0.40, 0.53). In someimplementations, the yellow channels can produce light having a colorpoint at one of the exemplary yellow color points 1403A-D shown in FIG.17B and described more fully elsewhere herein.

Violet Channels

In some implementations of the present disclosure, lighting systems caninclude violet channels that produce light with a violet color pointthat falls within a violet color range. Non-limiting FIG. 16 depictssome aspects of suitable violet color ranges for implementations ofviolet channels of the present disclosure. In some implementations, theviolet channels can produce light having a violet color point that fallswithin a violet color range 1301, with boundaries defined on the 1931CIE Chromaticity Diagram of the Planckian locus between 1600K CCT andinfinite CCT, a line between the infinite CCT point on the Planckianlocus and the monochromatic point of 470 nm on the spectral locus, thespectral locus between the monochromatic point of 470 nm and the line ofpurples, the line of purples from the spectral locus to the constant CCTline of 1600K, and the constant CCT line of 1600K between the line ofpurples and the 1600K CCT point on the Planckian locus. In certainimplementations, the violet channels can produce light having a violetcolor point that falls within a violet color range 1302, with boundariesdefined on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram by a 40-step MacAdamellipse centered at 6500K CCT with DUV=−40 points. In someimplementations, the violet channels can produce light having a colorpoint at one of the exemplary violet color points 1303A-D shown in FIG.16 and described more fully elsewhere herein.

Red Channels

In some implementations of the present disclosure, lighting systems caninclude red channels that produce light with a red color point thatfalls within a red color range. In certain implementations, suitable redcolor ranges can include red color ranges 302A-D. FIG. 22B depicts a redcolor range 302A defined by the spectral locus between the constant CCTline of 1600K and the line of purples, the line of purples, a lineconnecting the ccx, ccy color coordinates (0.61, 0.21) and (0.47, 0.28),and the constant CCT line of 1600K. FIG. 23 depicts some suitable colorranges for some implementations of the disclosure. FIG. 25 shows a redcolor range 302B that can be defined by a 20-step MacAdam ellipse at aCCT of 1200K, 20 points below the Planckian locus. FIG. 24 depicts somefurther color ranges suitable for some implementations of thedisclosure. A red color range 302C is defined by a polygonal region onthe 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by the following ccx, ccycolor coordinates: (0.53, 0.41), (0.59, 0.39), (0.63, 0.29), (0.58,0.30). In FIG. 26, a red color range 302C is depicted and can be definedby a polygonal region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined bythe following ccx, ccy color coordinates: (0.53, 0.41, (0.59, 0.39,(0.63, 0.29, (0.58, 0.30. FIG. 27 depicts a red color range 302D definedby lines connecting the ccx, ccy coordinates (0.576, 0.393), (0.583,0.400), (0.604, 0.387), and (0.597, 0.380).

Spectral Power Distributions of Colored Channels:

In implementations utilizing LEDs that emit substantially saturatedlight at wavelengths between about 360 nm and about 535 nm, the displaysystems can include suitable recipient luminophoric mediums for each LEDin order to produce light having color points within the suitable bluecolor ranges 301A-F, red color ranges 302A-D, cyan color ranges 303A-E,violet color ranges 1301, 1302, and yellow color ranges 1401, 1402described herein. The light emitted by each lighting channel (from eachLED string, i.e., the light emitted from the LED(s and associatedrecipient luminophoric medium together can have a suitable spectralpower distribution (“SPD” having spectral power with ratios of poweracross the visible wavelength spectrum from about 380 nm to about 780 nmor across the visible and near-visible wavelength spectrum from about320 nm to about 800 nm. While not wishing to be bound by any particulartheory, it is speculated that the use of such LEDs in combination withrecipient luminophoric mediums to create unsaturated light within thesuitable color ranges 301A-F, 302A-D, 303A-E, 1301, 1302, 1401, and 1402provides for improved color rendering performance for white light acrossa predetermined range of CCTs from a single display systems. Further,while not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is speculatedthat the use of such LEDs in combination with recipient luminophoricmediums to create unsaturated light within the suitable color ranges301A-F, 302A-D, 303A-E, 1301, 1302, 1401, and 1402 provides for improvedlight rendering performance, providing higher EML performance along withcolor-rendering performance, for white light across a predeterminedrange of CCTs from a single display systems. Some suitable ranges forspectral power distribution ratios of the lighting channels of thepresent disclosure are shown in Tables 1-4 and 7-15. The Tables show theratios of spectral power within wavelength ranges, with an arbitraryreference wavelength range selected for each color range and normalizedto a value of 100.0 except where indicated otherwise.

In some implementations, the lighting channels of the present disclosurecan each product a colored light that falls between minimum and maximumvalues in particular wavelength ranges relative to an arbitraryreference wavelength range. Tables 1, 2, and 7-15 show some exemplaryminimum and maximum spectral power values for the blue, red,short-blue-pumped cyan, long-blue-pumped cyan, yellow, and violetchannels of the disclosure. In certain implementations, the bluelighting channel can produce light with spectral power distribution thatfalls within the values between Blue minimum 1 and Blue maximum 1 in thewavelength ranges shown in Table 1, Table 2, or both Tables 1 and 2. Insome implementations, the red lighting channel can produce light withspectral power distribution that falls within the values between Redminimum 1 and Red maximum 1 in the wavelength ranges shown in Table 1,Table 2, or both Tables 1 and 2. In some implementations, the redchannel can produce red light having a spectral power distribution thatfalls within the ranges between the Exemplary Red Channels Minimum andthe Exemplary Red Channels Maximum in the wavelength ranges shown in oneor more of Tables 7-9. In some implementations, the short-blue-pumpedcyan can fall within the values between Short-blue-pumped cyan minimum 1and Short-blue-pumped cyan maximum 1 in the wavelength ranges shown inTable 1, Table 2, or both Tables 1 and 2. In other implementations, theshort-blue-pumped cyan can fall within the values betweenShort-blue-pumped cyan minimum 1 and Short-blue-pumped cyan maximum 2 inthe wavelength ranges shown in Table 1. In some implementations, theLong-Blue-Pumped Cyan lighting channel can produce light with spectralpower distribution that falls within the values between Long-Blue-PumpedCyan minimum 1 and Long-Blue-Pumped Cyan maximum 1 in the wavelengthranges shown in Table 1, Table 2, or both Tables 1 and 2. In someimplementations, the yellow channel can produce yellow light having aspectral power distribution that falls within the ranges between theExemplary Yellow Channels Minimum and the Exemplary Yellow ChannelsMaximum in the wavelength ranges shown in one or more of Tables 13-15.In some implementations, the violet channel can produce violet lighthaving a spectral power distribution that falls within the rangesbetween the Exemplary Violet Channels Minimum and the Exemplary VioletChannels Maximum in the wavelength ranges shown in one or more of Tables10-12. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it isspeculated that because the spectral power distributions for generatedlight with color points within the blue, long-blue-pumped cyan,short-blue-pumped cyan, yellow, and violet color ranges contains higherspectral intensity across visible wavelengths as compared to lightingapparatuses and methods that utilize more saturated colors, this allowsfor improved color rendering for test colors other than R1-R8.International Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/020792, filed Mar. 2,2018, discloses aspects of some additional red, blue, short-pumped-blue(referred to as “green” therein), and long-pumped-blue (referred to as“cyan” therein) channel elements that may be suitable for someimplementations of the present disclosure, the entirety of which isincorporated herein for all purposes.

In some implementations, the short-blue-pumped cyan channel can producecyan light having certain spectral power distributions. Tables 3 and 4show the ratios of spectral power within wavelength ranges, with anarbitrary reference wavelength range selected for the short-blue-pumpedcyan color range and normalized to a value of 100.0, for ashort-blue-pumped cyan channel that may be used in some implementationsof the disclosure. The exemplary Short-blue-pumped cyan Channel 1 has accx, ccy color coordinate shown in Table 5. In certain implementations,the short-blue-pumped cyan channel can have a spectral powerdistribution with spectral power in one or more of the wavelength rangesother than the reference wavelength range increased or decreased within30% greater or less, within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater orless, or within 5% greater or less than the values shown in Table 3 or4.

In some implementations, the long-blue-pumped cyan channel can producecyan light having certain spectral power distributions. Tables 3 and 4shows ratios of spectral power within wavelength ranges, with anarbitrary reference wavelength range selected for the long-blue-pumpedcyan color range and normalized to a value of 100.0, for severalnon-limiting embodiments of the long-blue-pumped cyan channel. Theexemplary Long-blue-pumped cyan Channel 1 has a ccx, ccy colorcoordinate Shown in Table 5. In certain implementations, thelong-blue-pumped cyan channel can have a spectral power distributionwith spectral power in one or more of the wavelength ranges other thanthe reference wavelength range increased or decreased within 30% greateror less, within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater or less, orwithin 5% greater or less than the values shown in Table 3 and 4.

In some implementations, the red channel can produce red light havingcertain spectral power distributions. Tables 3-4 and 7-9 show the ratiosof spectral power within wavelength ranges, with an arbitrary referencewavelength range selected for the red color range and normalized to avalue of 100.0, for red lighting channels that may be used in someimplementations of the disclosure. The exemplary Red Channel 1 has accx, ccy color coordinate of (0.5932, 0.3903). In certainimplementations, the red channel can have a spectral power distributionwith spectral power in one or more of the wavelength ranges other thanthe reference wavelength range increased or decreased within 30% greateror less, within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater or less, orwithin 5% greater or less than the values shown in Tables 3-4 and 7-9for Red Channels 1-11 and the Exemplary Red Channels Average.

In some implementations, the blue channel can produce blue light havingcertain spectral power distributions. Tables 3 and 4 show the ratios ofspectral power within wavelength ranges, with an arbitrary referencewavelength range selected for the blue color range and normalized to avalue of 100.0, for a blue channel that may be used in someimplementations of the disclosure. Exemplary Blue Channel 1 has a ccx,ccy color coordinate of (0.2333, 0.2588). In certain implementations,the blue channel can have a spectral power distribution with spectralpower in one or more of the wavelength ranges other than the referencewavelength range increased or decreased within 30% greater or less,within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater or less, or within 5%greater or less than the values shown in Tables 3 and 4.

In some implementations, the yellow channel can have certain spectralpower distributions. Tables 13-15 show the ratios of spectral powerwithin wavelength ranges, with an arbitrary reference wavelength rangeselected and normalized to a value of 100.0 for exemplary yellowlighting channels, Yellow Channels 1-6. Table 5 shows some aspects ofthe exemplary yellow lighting channels for some implementations of thedisclosure. In certain implementations, the yellow channel can have aspectral power distribution with spectral power in one or more of thewavelength ranges other than the reference wavelength range increased ordecreased within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater or less, within10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than the values shownin one or more of Tables 13-15 for Yellow Channels 1-6 and the ExemplaryYellow Channels Average.

In some implementations, the violet channel can have certain spectralpower distributions. Tables 13-15 show the ratios of spectral powerwithin wavelength ranges, with an arbitrary reference wavelength rangeselected and normalized to a value of 100.0 for exemplary violetlighting channels, Violet Channels 1-5. Table 5 shows some aspects ofthe exemplary violet lighting channels for some implementations of thedisclosure. In certain implementations, the violet channel can have aspectral power distribution with spectral power in one or more of thewavelength ranges other than the reference wavelength range increased ordecreased within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater or less, within10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than the values shownin one or more of Tables 12-15 for one or more of Violet Channels 1-6and the Exemplary Violet Channels Average.

In some implementations, the lighting channels of the present disclosurecan each product a colored light having spectral power distributionshaving particular characteristics. In certain implementations, thespectral power distributions of some lighting channels can have peaks,points of relatively higher intensity, and valleys, points of relativelylower intensity that fall within certain wavelength ranges and havecertain relative ratios of intensity between them.

Tables 38 and 39 and FIG. 19 show some aspects of exemplary violetlighting channels for some implementations of the disclosure. In certainimplementations, a Violet Peak (V_(P)) is present in a range of about380 nm to about 460 nm. In further implementations, a Violet Valley(V_(V)) is present in a range of about 450 nm to about 510 nm. In someimplementations, a Green Peak (G_(P)) is present in a range of about 500nm to about 650 nm. In certain implementations, a Red Valley (R_(V)) ispresent in a range of about 650 nm to about 780 nm. Table 38 shows therelative intensities of the peaks and valleys for exemplary violetlighting channels of the disclosure, with the V_(P) values assigned anarbitrary value of 1.0 in the table. The wavelength at which each peakor valley is present is also shown in Table 38. Table 39 shows therelative ratios of intensity between particular pairs of the peaks andvalleys of the spectral power distributions for exemplary violetlighting channels and minimum, average, and maximum values thereof. Incertain implementations, the violet channel can have a spectral powerdistribution with the relative intensities of V_(V), G_(P), and R_(V)increased or decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater orless, within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than thevalues shown in Table 38 for one or more of Violet Channels 1-5 and theExemplary Violet Channels Average. In some implementations, the violetchannel can produce violet light having a spectral power distributionwith peak and valley intensities that fall between the Exemplary VioletChannels Minimum and the Exemplary Violet Channels Maximum shown inTable 38. In further implementations, the violet channel can produceviolet light having a spectral power distribution with relative ratiosof intensity between particular pairs of the peak and valley intensitiesthat fall between the Exemplary Violet Channels Minimum and theExemplary Violet Channels Maximum values shown in Table 39. In certainimplementations, the violet channel can have a spectral powerdistribution with the relative ratios of intensity between particularpairs of the peak and valley intensities increased or decreased within30% greater or less, within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater orless, or within 5% greater or less than the relative ratio values shownin Table 39 for one or more of Violet Channels 1-5 and the ExemplaryViolet Channels Average.

Tables 40 and 41 and FIG. 20 show some aspects of exemplary yellowlighting channels for some implementations of the disclosure. In certainimplementations, a Violet Peak (V_(P)) is present in a range of about330 nm to about 430 nm. In further implementations, a Violet Valley(V_(V)) is present in a range of about 420 nm to about 510 nm. In someimplementations, a Green Peak (G_(P)) is present in a range of about 500nm to about 780 nm. Table 40 shows the relative intensities of the peaksand valleys for exemplary yellow lighting channels of the disclosure,with the G_(P) values assigned an arbitrary value of 1.0 in the table.The wavelength at which each peak or valley is present is also shown inTable 40. Table 41 shows the relative ratios of intensity betweenparticular pairs of the peaks and valleys of the spectral powerdistributions for exemplary yellow lighting channels and minimum,average, and maximum values thereof. In certain implementations, theyellow channel can have a spectral power distribution with the relativeintensities of V_(P) and V_(V) increased or decreased within 30% greateror less, within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater or less, orwithin 5% greater or less than the values for one or more of YellowChannels 1-6 and the Exemplary Yellow Channels Average shown in Table40. In some implementations, the yellow channel can produce yellow lighthaving a spectral power distribution with peak and valley intensitiesthat fall between the Exemplary Yellow Channels Minimum and theExemplary Yellow Channels Maximum shown in Table 40. In furtherimplementations, the yellow channel can produce yellow light having aspectral power distribution with relative ratios of intensity betweenparticular pairs of the peak and valley intensities that fall betweenthe Exemplary Yellow Channels Minimum and the Exemplary Yellow ChannelsMaximum values shown in Table 41. In certain implementations, the yellowchannel can have a spectral power distribution with the relative ratiosof intensity between particular pairs of the peak and valley intensitiesincreased or decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater orless, within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than therelative ratio values for one or more of Yellow Channels 1-6 and theExemplary Yellow Channels Average shown in Table 41.

Tables 42 and 43 and FIG. 21 show some aspects of exemplary red lightingchannels for some implementations of the disclosure. In certainimplementations, a Blue Peak (B_(P)) is present in a range of about 380nm to about 460 nm. In further implementations, a Blue Valley (B_(V)) ispresent in a range of about 450 nm to about 510 nm. In someimplementations, a Red Peak (R_(P)) is present in a range of about 500nm to about 780 nm. Table 42 shows the relative intensities of the peaksand valleys for exemplary red lighting channels of the disclosure, withthe R_(P) values assigned an arbitrary value of 1.0 in the table. Thewavelength at which each peak or valley is present is also shown inTable 42. Table 43 shows the relative ratios of intensity betweenparticular pairs of the peaks and valleys of the spectral powerdistributions for exemplary red lighting channels and minimum, average,and maximum values thereof. In certain implementations, the red channelcan have a spectral power distribution with the relative intensities ofB_(P) and B_(V) increased or decreased within 30% greater or less,within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater or less, or within 5%greater or less than the values for one or more of Red Channels 1, 3-6,and 9-17 and the Exemplary Red Channels Average shown in Table 42. Insome implementations, the red channel can produce red light having aspectral power distribution with peak and valley intensities that fallbetween the Exemplary Red Channels Minimum and the Exemplary RedChannels Maximum shown in Table 42. In further implementations, the redchannel can produce red light having a spectral power distribution withrelative ratios of intensity between particular pairs of the peak andvalley intensities that fall between the Exemplary Red Channels Minimumand the Exemplary Red Channels Maximum values shown in Table 43. Incertain implementations, the red channel can have a spectral powerdistribution with the relative ratios of intensity between particularpairs of the peak and valley intensities increased or decreased within30% greater or less, within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater orless, or within 5% greater or less than the relative ratio values forone or more of Red Channels 1, 3-6, and 9-17 and the Exemplary RedChannels Average shown in Table 43.

Luminescent Materials and Luminophoric Mediums

Blends of luminescent materials can be used in luminophoric mediumshaving the desired saturated color points when excited by theirrespective LED strings including luminescent materials such as thosedisclosed in co-pending application PCT/US2016/015318 filed Jan. 28,2016, entitled “Compositions for LED Light Conversions”, the entirety ofwhich is hereby incorporated by this reference as if fully set forthherein. Traditionally, a desired combined output light can be generatedalong a tie line between the LED string output light color point and thesaturated color point of the associated recipient luminophoric medium byutilizing different ratios of total luminescent material to theencapsulant material in which it is incorporated. Increasing the amountof luminescent material in the optical path will shift the output lightcolor point towards the saturated color point of the luminophoricmedium. In some instances, the desired saturated color point of arecipient luminophoric medium can be achieved by blending two or moreluminescent materials in a ratio. The appropriate ratio to achieve thedesired saturated color point can be determined via methods known in theart. Generally speaking, any blend of luminescent materials can betreated as if it were a single luminescent material, thus the ratio ofluminescent materials in the blend can be adjusted to continue to meet atarget CIE value for LED strings having different peak emissionwavelengths. Luminescent materials can be tuned for the desiredexcitation in response to the selected LEDs used in the LED strings,which may have different peak emission wavelengths within the range offrom about 360 nm to about 535 nm. Suitable methods for tuning theresponse of luminescent materials are known in the art and may includealtering the concentrations of dopants within a phosphor, for example.In some implementations of the present disclosure, luminophoric mediumscan be provided with combinations of two types of luminescent materials.The first type of luminescent material emits light at a peak emissionbetween about 515 nm and about 590 nm in response to the associated LEDstring emission. The second type of luminescent material emits at a peakemission between about 590 nm and about 700 nm in response to theassociated LED string emission. In some instances, the luminophoricmediums disclosed herein can be formed from a combination of at leastone luminescent material of the first and second types described in thisparagraph. In implementations, the luminescent materials of the firsttype can emit light at a peak emission at about 515 nm, 525 nm, 530 nm,535 nm, 540 nm, 545 nm, 550 nm, 555 nm, 560 nm, 565 nm, 570 nm, 575 nm,580 nm, 585 nm, or 590 nm in response to the associated LED stringemission. In preferred implementations, the luminescent materials of thefirst type can emit light at a peak emission between about 520 nm toabout 555 nm. In implementations, the luminescent materials of thesecond type can emit light at a peak emission at about 590 nm, about 595nm, 600 nm, 605 nm, 610 nm, 615 nm, 620 nm, 625 nm, 630 nm, 635 nm, 640nm, 645 nm, 650 nm, 655 nm, 670 nm, 675 nm, 680 nm, 685 nm, 690 nm, 695nm, or 700 nm in response to the associated LED string emission. Inpreferred implementations, the luminescent materials of the first typecan emit light at a peak emission between about 600 nm to about 670 nm.Some exemplary luminescent materials of the first and second type aredisclosed elsewhere herein and referred to as Compositions A-F. Table 6shows aspects of some exemplar luminescent materials and properties.

Blends of Compositions A-F can be used in luminophoric mediums havingdesired saturated color points when excited by respective LED strings inthe lighting channels of the disclosure. In some implementations, one ormore blends of one or more of Compositions A-F can be used to produceluminophoric mediums. In some preferred implementations, one or more ofCompositions A, B, and D and one or more of Compositions C, E, and F canbe combined to produce luminophoric mediums. In some preferredimplementations, the encapsulant for luminophoric mediums comprises amatrix material having density of about 1.1 mg/mm3 and refractive indexof about 1.545 or from about 1.4 to about 1.6. In some implementations,Composition A can have a refractive index of about 1.82 and a particlesize from about 18 micrometers to about 40 micrometers. In someimplementations, Composition B can have a refractive index of about 1.84and a particle size from about 13 micrometers to about 30 micrometers.In some implementations, Composition C can have a refractive index ofabout 1.8 and a particle size from about 10 micrometers to about 15micrometers. In some implementations, Composition D can have arefractive index of about 1.8 and a particle size from about 10micrometers to about 15 micrometers. Suitable phosphor materials forCompositions A, B, C, and D are commercially available from phosphormanufacturers such as Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corporation (Tokyo,Japan), Intematix Corporation (Fremont, Calif.), EMD PerformanceMaterials of Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), and PhosphorTechCorporation (Kennesaw, Ga.).

TABLE 6 Emission Emission FWHM Density Peak FWHM Peak Range RangeDesignator Exemplary Material(s) (g/mL) (nm) (nm) (nm) (nm) CompositionLuag: Cerium doped 6.73 535 95 530-540  90-100 “A” lutetium aluminumgarnet (Lu₃Al₅O₁₂) Composition Yag: Cerium doped 4.7 550 110 545-555105-115 “B” yttrium aluminum garnet (Y₃Al₅O₁₂) Composition a 650 nm-peak3.1 650 90 645-655 85-95 “C” wavelength emission phosphor: Europiumdoped calcium aluminum silica nitride (CaAlSiN₃) Composition a 525nm-peak 3.1 525 60 520-530 55-65 “D” wavelength emission phosphor:GBAM:BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu Composition a 630 nm-peak 5.1 630 40 625-635 35-45“E” wavelength emission quantum dot: any semiconductor quantum dotmaterial of appropriate size for desired emission wavelengthsComposition a 610 nm-peak 5.1 610 40 605-615 35-45 “F” wavelengthemission quantum dot: any semiconductor quantum dot material ofappropriate size for desired emission wavelengths

Circadian-Inducing Blue Properties

In some aspects, the circadian-inducing blue light in the displaysystems can have circadian-stimulating energy characteristics that leadto biological effects in users. The circadian-inducing blue, and overalllight emissions including the circadian-inducing blue, can have a firstcircadian-stimulating energy characteristic related to the associatedfirst spectral power distribution of the circadian-inducing blue oroverall light emissions, while light emissions from thenon-circadian-inducing blue and related overall light emissions can havea second circadian-stimulating energy characteristic related to theassociated second spectral power distribution of the circadian-inducingblue or overall light emissions.

In certain implementations, the first circadian-stimulating energycharacteristic and the second circadian-stimulating energycharacteristic can be the percentage of the spectral power in theassociated first spectral power distribution and the second spectralpower distribution, respectively, between a first wavelength value and asecond wavelength value, forming a particular wavelength range thereingreater than the first wavelength value and less than or equal to thesecond wavelength value. In some instances, the first and secondcircadian-stimulating energy characteristics can be one or more of thepercentage of spectral power in the wavelength ranges of 470 nm<λ≤480nm, 480 nm<λ≤490 nm, and 490 nm<λ≤500 nm in comparison to the totalenergy from 320 nm<λ≤800 nm in the first and second spectral powerdistributions respectively. In some implementations, the percentage ofspectral power in the wavelength ranges of 470 nm<λ≤480 nm in comparisonto the total energy from 320 nm<λ≤800 nm of the first spectral powerdistribution can be between about 2.50 and about 6.00, between about3.00 and about 5.50, between about 3.00 and about 4.00, between about3.50 and about 4.00, about 3.0, about 3.1, about 3.2, about 3.3, about3.4, about 3.5, about 3.6, about 3.7, about 3.8, about 3.9, about 4.0,about 4.1, about 4.2, about 4.3, about 4.4, about 4.5, about 4.6, about4.7, about 4.8, about 4.9, about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3,about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, orabout 6.0. In certain implementations, the percentage of spectral powerin the wavelength ranges of 480 nm<λ≤490 nm in comparison to the totalenergy from 320 nm<λ≤800 nm in the first spectral power distribution canbe between about 4.0 and about 6.5, between about 4.5 and about 5.5,between about 4.4 and about 4.6, between about 5.2 and about 5.8, about4.0, about 4.1, about 4.2, about 4.3, about 4.4, about 4.5, about 4.6,about 4.7, about 4.8, about 4.9, about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9,about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4, or about 6.5. Insome implementations, the percentage of spectral power in the wavelengthranges of 490 nm <<500 nm in comparison to the total energy from 320nm<λ≤800 nm in the first spectral power distribution can be betweenabout 3.5 and about 6.0, between about 4.0 and about 5.0, between about4.5 and about 5.5, between about 4.5 and about 5.0, about 3.5, about3.6, about 3.7, about 3.8, about 3.9, about 4.0, about 4.1, about 4.2,about 4.3, about 4.4, about 4.5, about 4.6, about 4.7, about 4.8, about4.9, about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5,about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, or about 6.0. In someimplementations, the percentage of spectral power in the wavelengthranges of 470 nm <<480 nm in comparison to the total energy from 320 nm<<800 nm in the second spectral power distribution can be between about0.025 and about 0.080, between about 0.030 and about 0.060, betweenabout 0.050 and about 0.070, between about 0.050 and about 0.060, about0.025, about 0.030, about 0.035, about 0.040, about 0.045, about 0.050,about 0.055, about 0.56, about 0.57, about 0.58, about 0.59, about0.060, about 0.61, about 0.62, about 0.63, about 0.64, about 0.065,about 0.66, about 0.67, about 0.68, about 0.69, about 0.070, about0.075, or about 0.080. In certain implementations, the percentage ofspectral power in the wavelength ranges of 480 nm<λ≤490 nm in comparisonto the total energy from 320 nm<λ≤800 nm in the second spectral powerdistribution can be between about 0.10 and about 0.30, between about0.10 and about 0.15, between about 0.20 and about 0.25, between about0.13 and about 0.24, about 0.10, about 0.11, about 0.12, about 0.13,about 0.14, about 0.15, about 0.016, about 0.17, about 0.18, about 0.19,about 0.20, about 0.21, about 0.22, about 0.23, about 0.24, about 0.25,about 0.26, about 0.27, about 0.28, about 0.29, or about 0.30. In someimplementations, the percentage of spectral power in the wavelengthranges of 490 nm<λ≤500 nm in comparison to the total energy from 320nm<λ≤800 nm in the second spectral power distribution can be betweenabout 0.25 and about 0.75, between about 0.25 and about 0.40, betweenabout 0.55 and about 0.70, between about 0.30 and about 0.35, about0.25, about 0.26, about 0.27, about 0.28, about 0.29, about 0.30, about0.31, about 0.32, about 0.33, about 0.34, about 0.35, about 0.36, about0.37, about 0.38, about 0.39, about 0.40, about 0.41, about 0.42, about0.43, about 0.44, about 0.45, about 0.46, about 0.47, about 0.48, about0.49, about 0.50, about 0.51, about 0.52, about 0.53, about 0.54, about0.55, about 0.56, about 0.57, about 0.58, about 0.59, about 0.60, about0.61, about 0.62, about 0.63, about 0.64, about 0.65, about 0.66, about0.67, about 0.68, about 0.69, about 0.70, about 0.71, about 0.72, about0.73, about 0.74, or about 0.75.

In further aspects of the present disclosure, the first and secondcircadian-stimulating energy characteristics can relate to spectralenergy within particular wavelength ranges. In some implementations,spectral energy concentrations within particular wavelength ranges canlead to biological effects by providing photostimulation tointrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), whichexpress melanopsin, a photopigment that can respond to light directly,and can be associated with non-image-forming functions such as circadianphotoentrainment and pupil-size control in addition to someimage-forming functions. ipRGCs are sensitive to light at wavelengthsbetween about 400 nm and about 600 nm, with a peak sensitivity andresponse to light with wavelengths around 480 nm to 490 nm. In certainimplementations, the first circadian-stimulating energy characteristicand the second circadian-stimulating energy characteristic can be thepercentage of the spectral power in the first spectral powerdistribution and the second spectral power distribution, respectively,between a first wavelength value and a second wavelength value, forminga particular wavelength range therein greater than the first wavelengthvalue and less than or equal to the second wavelength value. In someimplementations, the first wavelength value can be about 400 nm, about410 nm, about 420 nm, about 430 nm, about 440 nm, about 450 nm, about460 nm, about 470 nm, about 480 nm, about 490 nm, about 500 nm, about510 nm, about 520 nm, about 530 nm, about 540 nm, about 550, about 560nm, about 570 nm, about 580 nm, about 590 nm, or about 600 nm. In someimplementations, the second wavelength value can be about about 410 nm,about 420 nm, about 430 nm, about 440 nm, about 450 nm, about 460 nm,about 470 nm, about 480 nm, about 490 nm, about 500 nm, about 510 nm,about 520 nm, about 530 nm, about 540 nm, about 550, about 560 nm, about570 nm, about 580 nm, about 590 nm, about 600 nm, or about 610 nm. Incertain implementations, the first wavelength value can be 440 nm andthe second wavelength value can be 490 nm, with the particularwavelength range being 440<λ≤490 nm, as shown for values for theexemplary first and second lighting channels shown in Table 3, whichshows the percent spectral energy in the range 440<λ≤490 nm incomparison to the total spectral energy in the range 380<λ≤780 nm. Infurther implementations, other first and second wavelength values can beselected for the first circadian-stimulating energy characteristic andthe second circadian-stimulating energy characteristic of thepercentages of the spectral power in the first spectral powerdistribution and the second spectral power distribution between thefirst and second wavelength values, including but not limited towavelength ranges (in nm) from about 400 to about 410, about 410 toabout 420, about 420 to about 430, about 430 to about 440, about 440 toabout 450, about 450 to about 460, about 460 to about 470, about 470 toabout 480, about 480 to about 490, about 490 to about 500, about 500 toabout 510, about 510 to about 520, about 520 to about 530, about 530 toabout 540, about 540 to about 550, or about 550 to about 560.

In certain implementations, one or more of the circadian-stimulatingenergy characteristics of the lighting systems can be EML values of thefirst, second, and third white light. In some aspects of the presentdisclosure, the lighting systems can provide a ratio of a first EMLvalue of the first spectral power distribution to a second EML value ofthe second spectral power distribution. In some implementations, theratio of the first EML value to the second EML value can be betweenabout 2.0 and about 5.5, between about 3.0 and about 5.0, between about2.8 and about 3.8, between about 2.6 and about 3.3, between about 4.0and about 5.5, between about 4.5 and about 5.5, between about 5.5 andabout 6.5, between about 6.5 and about 7.5, between about 7.5 and about8.5, between about 8.5 and about 9.5, between about 2.0 and about 10.0,between about 3.0 and about 10.0, between about 4.0 and about 10.0,between about 5.0 and about 10.0, between about 6.0 and about 10.0,between about 7.0 and about 10.0, between about 8.0 and about 10.0, orbetween about 9.0 and about 10.0. In further implementations, the ratioof the first EML value to the second EML value can be about 2.0, about2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6, about 2.7,about 2.8, about 2.9, about 3.0, about 3.1, about 3.2, about 3.3, about3.4, about 3.5, about 3.6, about 3.7, about 3.8, about 3.9, about 4.0,about 4.1, about 4.2, about 4.3, about 4.4, about 4.5, about 4.6, about4.7, about 4.8, about 4.9, about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3,about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about6, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4, about 6.5, about 6.6,about 6.7, about 6.8, about 6.9, about 7, about 7.1, about 7.2, about7.3, about 7.4, about 7.5, about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, about 7.9,about 8, about 8.1, about 8.2, about 8.3, about 8.4, about 8.5, about8.6, about 8.7, about 8.8, about 8.9, about 9, about 9.1, about 9.2,about 9.3, about 9.4, about 9.5, about 9.6, about 9.7, about 9.8, about9.9, or about 10.0.

In certain implementations, the first spectral power distribution has afirst circadian-stimulating energy characteristic, and the secondspectral power distribution has a second circadian-stimulating energycharacteristic. In some implementations, the first circadian-stimulatingenergy characteristic can be a first percentage, the first percentagecomprising the percentage of the spectral power between 380 nm and 780nm in the first spectral power distribution between 440 nm and 490 nm.In certain implementations, the second circadian-stimulating energycharacteristic can be a second percentage, the second percentagecomprising the percentage of the spectral power between 380 nm and 780nm in the second spectral power distribution between 440 nm and 490 nm.In certain implementations of the lighting systems of the presentdisclosure, the first percentage can be between about 15% and about 25%,between about 16% and about 22%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, or about25%. In further implementations of the lighting systems of the presentdisclosure, the second percentage can be between about 0.9% and about1.05%, between about 0.85% and about 0.95%, between about 0.85% andabout 0.90%, between about 0.90% and about 0.95%, about 0.90%, about0.91%, about 0.92%, about 0.93%, about 0.94%, about 0.95%, about 0.96%,about 0.97%, about 0.98%, about 0.99%, about 1.00%, about 1.01%, about1.02%, about 1.03%, about 1.04%, or about 1.05%. In someimplementations, the lighting systems can have a ratio of the firstpercentage to the second percentage of between about 13 and about 30,between about 15 and about 25, between about 20 and about 25, betweenabout 20 and about 30, between about 18 and about 22, about 13, about14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about28, about 29, or about 30.

Types of User Interfaces and Control Systems for the Control of theCircadian Lighting

Lighting systems that may be used in a computer display system and/orcircadian display system in accordance with the principles of thepresent inventions may be controlled over time to effect the person'scircadian cycle throughout the day in different ways. The lightingsystems may be automatically or manually adjusted. The lighting systemsmay be adjusted based on sensor data, activity data, social media data,etc.

In embodiments, as the display systems are installed in the environmentof a lighting installation, networking features automatically engageupon powering up one or more the display systems, and the displaysystems may automatically commission themselves, such as by connectingto an overall control platform and/or to other display systems. Thus,the display systems in an installation may self-commission andself-configure to create a network connection between the displaysystems in the environment and a remote operator (such as in the cloud).The display systems may configure in a master/slave, ring, mesh, orpeer-to-peer network, by which autonomous control features may beengaged in the environment. In embodiments, remote control features maybe engaged using the network connection to the platform or other remoteoperators.

In embodiments, networked communication can be used among components ina deployed lighting installation that includes display systems. Onceinstalled and commissioned, control of the lighting installation may behanded over to an operator of a platform, such as a building owner,occupant, landlord, tenant, or the like. In embodiments, handoff mayinclude using identity and authentication features, such as using keys,passwords, or the like that allow operation of the lighting installationby permitted users. In embodiments, a remote-control interface of theplatform may be used by an operator for remote operation of the lightinginstallation. The remote-control interface may use a lighting projectdata structure as a source of knowledge about the properties,configurations, control capabilities, and other elements of a lightinginstallation, so that the same platform used for the design of thelighting installation may be used to control the lighting installation.The remote-control interface may include operational guidance features,such as guiding users through the operation of a lighting installation.

In embodiments, an autonomous control system may be provided for alighting installation that includes display systems of the presentdisclosure, by which the lighting installation may control variousfeatures of the lighting system, such as based on information collectedlocally in the environment, such as from one or more sensors. Forexample, the autonomous control system may automatically adjust controlparameters for a light source, including but not limited to displaysystems, to achieve improved adherence to the overall specifications fora lighting installation, may adjust timing variables based on detectedusage patterns in a space, may adjust lighting properties based onchanges in a space (such as changes in colors paints, carpet andfabrics), and the like.

Under operation, the lighting installation may include an operationalfeedback system, configured to collect information about the lightinginstallation, which may include interfaces for soliciting and receivinguser feedback (such as regarding satisfaction with the installation orindicating desired changes) and which may include a lightinginstallation sensor system, such as including light sensors, motionsensors, temperature sensors, and others to collect information aboutthe actual lighting conditions in the environment, activities ofoccupants within the environment, and the like. Information collected bythe lighting installation sensor system may be relayed to a validationsystem of the lighting platform, such as for validation that aninstallation is operating as designed, including by comparison of lightproperties at various locations in the environment with thespecifications and requirements provided in the lighting designenvironment, such as reflected in the lighting project data structure.In embodiments, the variances from the specifications and requirementsmay be provided to the autonomous control system and/or theremote-control system, so that adjustments may be made, eitherautonomously or by a local or remote operator of the lightinginstallation, to enable adjustments (such as to colors, intensities,color temperatures, beam directions, and other factors), such as tocause the lighting installation to better meet the specifications andrequirements. The operational feedback system may also capture feedbackthat leads to revisiting the lighting design in the lighting designenvironment, which may induce further iteration, resulting in changes tocontrol parameters for the display systems, as well as automatedordering of additional or substitute display systems, with updatedinstallation and operational guidance.

In embodiments, remote control may enable field programmable lightingsystems, such as for transitional environments like museums (where artobjects change regularly), stores (where merchandise shifts) and thelike as well as for customizable environments (such as personalizinglighting in a hotel room according to a specification for a guest (whichmay include having the guest select an aesthetic filter) or personalizedlighting for a workstation for an employee in an office setting. Suchfeatures may enable the lighting installation to change configurations(such as among different aesthetic filters) for multi-use environments,multi-tenant environments, and the like where lighting conditions mayneed to change substantially over time.

In embodiments, a lighting system may include navigation features, suchas being associated with beacons, where the lighting system interactswith one or more devices to track users within a space. The displaysystems and their locations may be associated with a map, such as themap of the lighting space in the design environment. The map may beprovided from the lighting design environment to one or more otherlocation or navigation systems, such that locations of display systemsmay be used as known locations or points of interest within a space.

In embodiments, the lighting installation may be designed for anoperation that is coordinated with one or more external systems, whichmay serve as inputs to the lighting installation, such as music, videoand other entertainment content (such as to coordinate lighting withsound). Inputs may include voice control inputs, which may includesystems for assessing tone or mood from vocal patterns, such as toadjust lighting based on the same.

In embodiments, inputs may also include inputs from wearable devices,such as enabling adjustment of lighting control parameters (autonomouslyor with remote or local control features) based on physiologicalfactors, such as ones indicating health conditions, emotional states,moods, or the like. Inputs from wearable devices may be used in theoperational feedback system, such as to measure reactions to lightingconditions (such as to enable automated adjustment of a lightinginstallation), as well as to measure impacts on mood, health conditions,energy, wellness factors, and the like.

In embodiments, the platform may be configured to change settings orparameters for a lighting installation (including but not limited todisplay systems of the present disclosure, such as by using a customtuning system) based on a variety of real time data, with a view tohaving the lighting installation, including display systems includedtherein, best suit its environment in a dynamic way. In embodiments,data may be obtained that serves as an indicator of the emotional stateor the stress level of an environment, and the lighting installation mayrespond accordingly to that state or stress level. In embodiments, dataabout the environment may be collected by a wearable device, such as asmartwatch, armband, or the like; for example, data may be collected onacceleration, location, ambient light characteristics, and heart rate,among other possibilities. In embodiments, the data may be provided tothe platform for analysis, including using machine learning, such as toobserve physiological indicators of stress, mood, or the like undergiven lighting conditions. The analysis may enable model-based controls(such as where a given mood or state of the users in a room are linkedto a set of control parameters appropriate for that state). Inembodiments, machine learning may be used; for example, over time, byvariation of parameters for lighting objects and fixtures (such ascolor, color temperature, illumination patterns, lighting distributions,and many others), a machine learning system may, using feedback onoutcomes based at least in part on physiological data and other datacollected by a wearable device, select and/or promotion lightinginstallation parameters that improve various measures of stress, mood,satisfaction, or the like. This may occur in real time under control ofa machine learning system based on the current conditions of users orthe environment. In embodiments, data collected at least in part by aphysiological monitor or wearable device may be used as an input toprocessing logic on a lighting object that changes lighting levels orother parameters to accommodate the ‘emotional state’ of the users in anenvironment where the lighting object is located. In embodiments, thereis memory that retains and manages function with no appreciable drain onthe battery.

In embodiments, inputs may include systems that take data harvested fromsensors in the lighting installation environment as well as sensors thatreflect information about users, such as one or more of physiologicalsensors (including wearable devices, such as armbands, wrist bands,chest bands, glasses, clothing, and the like), sensors on variousdevices used by a user, ambient sensors, and the like. These may includesensing one or more of temperature, pressure, ambient lightingconditions, localized lighting conditions, lighting spectrumcharacteristics, humidity, UV light, sound, particles, pollutants, gases(e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and radon), radiation,location of objects or items, motion (e.g., speed, direction and/oracceleration). Where one or more wearable or physiological sensors areused, they may sense one or more of a person's temperature, bloodpressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, activity type, activity level,galvanic skin response, respiratory rate, cholesterol level (includingHDL, LDL and triglyceride), hormone or adrenal levels (e.g., Cortisol,thyroid, adrenaline, melatonin, and othpers), histamine levels, immunesystem characteristics, blood alcohol levels, drug content, macro andmicro nutrients, mood, emotional state, alertness, sleepiness, and thelike.

In embodiments, the platform may connect to or integrate with datasources of information about users, such as including social networks(Facebook™, Linkedln™, Twitter™, and the like, sources of medicalrecords (23&Me™ and the like), productivity, collaboration and/orcalendaring software (Google™, Outlook™, scheduling apps and the like),information about web browsing and/or shopping activity, activity onmedia streaming services (Netflix™, Spotify™, YouTube™, Pandora™ and thelike), health record information and other sources of insight about thepreferences or characteristics of users of the space of a lightinginstallation, including psychographic, demographic and othercharacteristics.

In embodiments, the platform may use information from sources thatindicate patterns, such as patterns involving periods of time (dailypatterns, weekly patterns, seasonal patterns, and the like), patternsinvolving cultural factors or norms (such as indicating usage patternsor preferences in different regions), patterns relating to personalityand preferences, patterns relating to social groups (such as family andwork group patterns), and the like. In embodiments, the platform maymake use of the data harvested from various sources noted above to makerecommendations and/or to optimize (such as automatically, undercomputer control) the design, ordering, fulfillment, deployment and/oroperation of a lighting installation, such as based on understanding orprediction of user behavior. This may include recommendation oroptimization relating to achieving optimal sleep time and duration,setting optimal mealtimes, satisfying natural light exposurerequirements during the day, and maintaining tolerable artificial lightexposure levels (such as during night time). In embodiments, theplatform may anticipate user needs and optimize the lightinginstallation to enhance productivity, alertness, emotional well-being,satisfaction, safety and/or sleep. In further embodiments, the platformmay control one or more display systems of the present disclosure inaccordance with the user needs of the environment based on thisinformation.

In embodiments, the platform may store a space utilization datastructure that indicates, over time, how people use the space of thelighting installation, such as indicating what hallways are moretrafficked, and the like. This may inform understanding of a space, suchas indicating what is an entry, what is a passage, what is a workspace,and the like, which may be used to suggest changes or updates to alighting design. In embodiments, sensors may be used to collect and readwhere people have been in the space, such as using one or more videocameras, IR sensors, microwave sensors. LIDAR, ultrasound or the like.In embodiments, the platform may collect and read what adjustmentspeople have made, such as task lamp activation and other activities thatindicate how a lighting fixture is used by an individual in a space. Byway of these examples, aggregate usage information may be used tooptimize a lighting design and adjust other lighting designs. Based onthese factors, a space may be dynamically adjusted, and the lightingmodel for an installation may be updated to reflect the actualinstallation.

In embodiments, control capabilities of the display systems may includedynamic configuration of control parameters, such as providing a dimmingcurve for a light source, including but not limited to a display systemof the present disclosure, that is customized to the preferences of adesigner or other user. This may include a selection from one or moremodes, such as ones described elsewhere herein that have desired effectson mood or aesthetic factors, that have desired health effects, thatmeet the functional requirements, or the like.

In order to truly achieve circadian action, prolonged exposure may berequired, however, a melanopic flux may, in many embodiments, need to beat least 10:1 and in further embodiments, may need to be 20:1, 50:1,100:1, or a greater ratio. It will be appreciated in light of thedisclosure that most conventional systems simply adjust from a warm CCTto a cool CCT, which may only provide a 2:1 or 3:1 ratio of melanopicflux, which may not be enough to provide health benefits. Inembodiments, the platform may include spectral tuning targets fordisplay systems of the present disclosure that may optimize this ratiobased on local installation environments. These targets, along withadjustments intensity of light (e.g., 4:1) may provide a higher ratio,such as a 10:1 ratio or greater, and thus provide greater melanopic fluxratios.

In a second mode and either in combination with the above mode or not,the platform may support an ability to shift the bias of light in aroom. In embodiments, controlled variation of one or more displaysystems of the present disclosure in a lighting environment cancontribute to generating a lighting bias typical of being outside.

In embodiments, various other programmable modes may be provided, suchas display system settings where using different combinations of colorlight sources to achieve a given mixed color output may be optimized forefficacy, efficiency, color quality, health impact (e.g., circadianaction), or to satisfy other requirements. In embodiments, theprogrammable modes may also include programmable dimming curves, colortuning curves, and the like (such as allowing various controlinterfaces, such as extra-low voltage (ELV) controllers or voltage-baseddimmers to affect fixture colors, such as where a custom tuning curveprovides a start point, an end point and a dimming and/or color tuningpath in response to a level of dimming). In embodiments, programmablemodes may use conventional tuning mechanisms, such as simpleinterpolation systems (which typically use two or three white colorLEDs) are dimmable on a zero to ten-volt analog system, and have asecond voltage-based input for adjusting the CCT of a fixture betweenwarm and cool CCTs. The display systems as described herein can providefor tunable ranges of color points at various x, y coordinates on the1931 CIE chromaticity diagram. Because of the wide range of potentialwhite or non-white colors produced by the display systems, they may becontrolled by the platform that may specify a particular x, y coordinateon the CIE diagram. Lighting control protocols like DMX™ and Dali 2.0™may achieve this result.

In embodiments, a programmable color curve for an LED driver may beinput, such as through an interface of the platform, or through adesktop software interface, a mobile phone, a tablet app, or the like,that enables a user to define a start and stop point to a color tuningcurve and to specify how it will be controlled by a secondary input,such as a voltage-based input (e.g., a 0 to 10-volt input) to thefixture. These may include pre-defined curves, as well as the ability toset start, end, and waypoints to define custom curves. For example, anexemplary color curve can have a starting point around 8000K biasedabove the black body curve, with the color curve crossing the black bodyaround 2700K, and finishing around 1800K below the black body curve.Similarly, another exemplary curve could be programmed such that thestart was 4000K well above the black body, with the end being 4000K wellbelow the black body. By way of these examples, any adjustment would bein hue only, not CCT. Further examples may include a curve that neverproduces a white color, such as starting in the purple and finishing inorange. In any of these cases, these curves may be programmed intodisplay systems via the interface of the platform, the desktop, mobilephone or tablet. In embodiments, the curves may be designed, saved, andthen activated, such as using the secondary (supplemental) 0 to 10-voltinput.

In embodiments, a three-channel warm dim mode may be used, such as thatdescribed more fully in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/712,182 filed Jul. 30, 2018, which is incorporated herein in itsentirety for all purposes, for target applications where the “fully on”CCT falls between 3000K and 2500K. By way of these examples, as thefixture dims (via ELV control or in response to the 0 to 10-volt input)the CCT may be gradually decreased to between 2500K and 1800K. Incertain embodiments, the hue adjustment may all occur below the blackbody curve. Alternative embodiments may use a cyan channel as describedelsewhere herein, either long-blue-pumped cyan or short-blue-pumpedcyan, and a red channel as described elsewhere herein, plus a 4000Kwhite channel as described elsewhere herein to achieve a warm dimmingmode that allows for adjustment both above and below the black bodycurve. In some embodiments of the three-channel warm dim mode, the whitechannel can have a color point within a 7-step MacAdam ellipse aroundany point on the black body locus having a correlated color temperaturebetween about 3500K and about 6500K.

In certain embodiments, the display systems of the present disclosurecan include a 4-channel color system as described elsewhere herein andin U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/757,672 filed Nov. 8,2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/712,191 filed Jul. 30,2018, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety as if fully set forth herein, includes 3000K to 1800K CCTwhite color points within its range, a programmable mode may be includedwithin the driver that adjusts color with the dimming percentage aswell. In some aspects, this may be similar to a conventional controlmode, except that the color control would not be on the secondary 0 to10-volt channel, but may be activated through the primary 0 to 10-voltinput channel or ELV controller. In embodiments, the “starting” colorpoint may be the one when the fixture was “fully on.” In embodiments,the “ending” color point may be the one where the fixture is maximallydimmed. It is thus possible to make full range color change, such aspurple to orange, which is slaved to the 0 to 10-volt or ELV dimmingsignal.

In embodiments, an optimized mode may be provided. With a 4-channelcolor system, there are many ways to create a single x-y point on theCIE diagram. In embodiments, the maximally efficient mode may typicallybe one that uses the colors that have x, y coordinates closest to thetarget x, y coordinate. But for best color quality, utilizing a fourthchannel (and thereby requiring more light from the color in the opposite“corner”) may help provide a desired spectral power distribution. Forthe maximum melatonin suppression (for systems hoping to mimic circadianlighting), a higher cyan channel content may be required for CCTs of3500K and above and minimizing cyan and blue content below 3500K. Itwill be appreciated in light of the disclosure that conventional systemseither require expert users to understand the color balances necessaryto achieve these effects (who then implement the color balanceschannel-by-channel) or are designed for maximum efficiency with colorquality as a byproduct.

In embodiments, a digital power system is provided herein (includingfirmware-driven power conversion and LED current control) that controlsa multichannel color system, such as a 4-channel color system, andallows for the inclusion of “modes” which may calculate the correctcolor balance between the various channels to provide optimized outputs.In embodiments, optimization may occur around one or more of efficacy,color quality, circadian effects, and other factors. Other modes arepossible, such as optimizing for contrast, particular displayrequirements. It will be appreciated in light of the disclosure thatthis is not an exhaustive list but is representative of potential modesthat could be engaged through an interface of the platform (or of amobile, tablet or desktop application) where a color tuning curve may bespecified, such that the curve is used to specify an interface between acontroller and the Digital PSU in a display system. In embodiments,these modes may account for actual measured colors for each displaysystem and calculate the correct balance of for the chosen modes, suchas based on algorithms loaded into the Digital PSU microprocessor.

In embodiments, machine learning may be used, such as based on variousfeedback measures, such as relating to mood (stated by the user ormeasured by one or more sensors), noise levels (such as indicatingsuccessful utilization of a space based on a desired level of noise),returns on investment (such as where display systems are intended topromote retail merchandise), reported pain levels, measured healthlevels, performance levels of users (including fitness, wellness, andeducational performance, among others), sleep levels, vitamin D levels,melatonin levels, and many others. In embodiments, the lightinginstallations including the display systems may be operated orcontrolled based on external information, such as based on seasonallighting conditions, weather, climate, collective mood indicators (suchas based on stock market data, news feeds, or sentiment indices),analyses of social network data, and the like. This may includecontrolling a system to reflect, or influence, the mood of occupants.

EXAMPLES General Simulation Method for Examples 1-13 and 35

Display systems having three, four, five, and six LED-string-drivenlighting channels with particular color points were simulated. For eachdevice, LED strings and recipient luminophoric mediums with particularemissions were selected, and then white light rendering capabilitieswere calculated for a select number of representative points on or nearthe Planckian locus between about 1800K and 10000K. Ra, R9, R13, R15,LER, Rf, Rg, CLA, CS, EML, BLH factor, CAF, CER, COI, and circadianperformance values were calculated at each representative point.

The calculations were performed with Scilab (Scilab Enterprises,Versailles, France), LightTools (Synopsis, Inc., Mountain View, Calif.),and custom software created using Python (Python Software Foundation,Beaverton, Oreg.). Each LED string was simulated with an LED emissionspectrum and excitation and emission spectra of luminophoric medium(s).For luminophoric mediums comprising phosphors, the simulations alsoincluded the absorption spectrum and particle size of phosphorparticles. The LED strings generating combined emissions within blue,short-blue-pumped cyan, and red color regions were prepared usingspectra of a LUXEON Z Color Line royal blue LEDs (product codeLXZ1-PR01) of color bin codes 3, 4, 5, or 6, one or more LUXEON Z ColorLine blue LEDs (LXZ1-PB01) of color bin code 1 or 2, or one or moreLUXEON royal blue LEDs (product code LXML-PR01 and LXML-PR02) of colorbins 3, 4, 5, or 6 (Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands). TheLED strings generating combined emissions with color points within thelong-blue-pumped cyan regions were prepared using spectra of LUXEONRebel Blue LEDs (LXML-PB01, LXML-PB02) of color bins 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,which have peak wavelengths ranging from 460 nm to 485 nm, or LUXEONRebel Cyan LEDs (LXML-PE01) of color bins 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, which havepeak wavelengths raving from 460 nm to 485 nm. Similar LEDs from othermanufacturers such as OSRAM GmbH and Cree, Inc. could also be used. TheLED strings generating combined emissions with color points within theyellow and violet regions were simulated using spectra of LEDs havingpeak wavelengths of between about 380 nm and about 420 nm, such as oneor more 410 nm peak wavelength violet LEDs, one or more LUXEON Z UV LEDs(product codes LHUV-0380-, LHUV-0385-, LHUV-0390-, LHUV-0395-,LHUV-0400-, LHUV-0405-, LHUV-0410-, LHUV-0415-, LHUV-0420-,) (LumiledsHolding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands), one or more LUXEON UV FC LEDs(product codes LxF3-U410) (Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam,Netherlands), one or more LUXEON UV U LEDs (product code LHUV-0415-)(Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands), for example.

The emission, excitation and absorption curves are available fromcommercially available phosphor manufacturers such as MitsubishiChemical Holdings Corporation (Tokyo, Japan), Intematix Corporation(Fremont, Calif.), EMD Performance Materials of Merck KGaA (Darmstadt,Germany), and PhosphorTech Corporation (Kennesaw, GA). The luminophoricmediums used in the LED strings were combinations of one or more ofCompositions A, B, and D and one or more of Compositions C, E, and F asdescribed more fully elsewhere herein. Those of skill in the artappreciate that various combinations of LEDs and luminescent blends canbe combined to generate combined emissions with desired color points onthe 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram and the desired spectral powerdistributions.

Example 1

A display system was simulated having four LED strings. A first LEDstring is driven by a blue LED having peak emission wavelength ofapproximately 450 nm to approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a blue channelhaving the color point and characteristics of Blue Channel 1 asdescribed above and shown in Tables 3-5. A second LED string is drivenby a blue LED having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm toapproximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, andgenerates a combined emission of a red channel having the color pointand characteristics of Red Channel 1 as described above and shown inTables 3-5 and 7-9. A third LED string is driven by a blue LED havingpeak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately 455nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a combinedemission of a short-blue-pumped cyan color channel having the colorpoint and characteristics of Short-Blue-Pumped Cyan Channel 1 asdescribed above and shown in Tables 3-5. A fourth LED string is drivenby a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of approximately 505 nm,utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a combinedemission of a long-blue-pumped cyan channel having the color point andcharacteristics of Long-Blue-Pumped Cyan Channel 1 as described aboveand shown in Tables 3-5.

Tables 16-19 shows light-rendering characteristics of the device for arepresentative selection of white light color points near the Planckianlocus. Table 18 shows data for white light color points generated usingonly the first, second, and third LED strings in high-CM mode. Table 16shows data for white light color points generated using all four LEDstrings in highest-CM mode. Table 17 shows data for white light colorpoints generated using only the first, second, and fourth LED strings inhigh-EML mode. Table 19 show performance comparison between white lightcolor points generated at similar approximate CCT values under high-EMLmode and high-CM mode.

Example 2

Further simulations were performed to optimize the outputs of thedisplay system of Example 1. Signal strength ratios for the channelswere calculated to generate 100 lumen total flux output white light ateach CCT point. The relative lumen outputs for each of the channels isshown, along with the light-rendering characteristics, in Tables 20-22.

Example 3

A display system was simulated having four LED strings. A first LEDstring is driven by a blue LED having peak emission wavelength ofapproximately 450 nm to approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a blue channelhaving the color point and characteristics of Blue Channel 1 asdescribed above and shown in Tables 3-5. A second LED string is drivenby a blue LED having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm toapproximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, andgenerates a combined emission of a red channel having the color pointand characteristics of Red Channel 1 as described above and shown inTables 3-5 and 7-9. A fifth LED string is driven by a violet LED havingpeak emission wavelength of about 380 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a yellow colorchannel having the color point and characteristics of Yellow Channel 1as described above and shown in Tables 5 and 13-15. A sixth LED stringis driven by a violet LED having peak emission wavelength of about 380nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a combinedemission of a violet channel having the color point and characteristicsof Violet Channel 1 as described above and shown in Tables 5 and 10-12.

Tables 23-24 shows light-rendering characteristics of the device for arepresentative selection of white light color points near the Planckianlocus. Table 23 shows data for white light color points generated usingthe first, second, fifth, and sixth LED strings, i.e. the blue, red,yellow, and violet channels, in low-EML mode. Table 24 shows data forwhite light color points generated using the second, fifth, and sixthLED strings, i.e. the red, yellow, and violet channels, in very-low-EMLmode.

Example 4

A display system was simulated having four LED strings. A first LEDstring is driven by a blue LED having peak emission wavelength ofapproximately 450 nm to approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a blue channelhaving the color point and characteristics of Blue Channel 1 asdescribed above and shown in Tables 3-5. A second LED string is drivenby a blue LED having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm toapproximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, andgenerates a combined emission of a red channel having the color pointand characteristics of Red Channel 1 as described above and shown inTables 3-5 and 7-9. A fifth LED string is driven by a violet LED havingpeak emission wavelength of about 400 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a yellow colorchannel having the color point and characteristics of Yellow Channel 2as described above and shown in Tables 5 and 13-15. A sixth LED stringis driven by a violet LED having peak emission wavelength of about 400nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a combinedemission of a violet channel having the color point and characteristicsof Violet Channel 2 as described above and shown in Tables 5 and 10-12.

Tables 25-26 shows light-rendering characteristics of the device for arepresentative selection of white light color points near the Planckianlocus. Table 25 shows data for white light color points generated usingthe first, second, fifth, and sixth LED strings, i.e. the blue, red,yellow, and violet channels, in low-EML mode. Table 26 shows data forwhite light color points generated using the second, fifth, and sixthLED strings, i.e. the red, yellow, and violet channels, in very-low-EMLmode.

Example 5

A display system was simulated having four LED strings. A first LEDstring is driven by a blue LED having peak emission wavelength ofapproximately 450 nm to approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a blue channelhaving the color point and characteristics of Blue Channel 1 asdescribed above and shown in Tables 3-5. A second LED string is drivenby a blue LED having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm toapproximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, andgenerates a combined emission of a red channel having the color pointand characteristics of Red Channel 1 as described above and shown inTables 3-5 and 7-9. A fifth LED string is driven by a violet LED havingpeak emission wavelength of about 410 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a yellow colorchannel having the color point and characteristics of Yellow Channel 3as described above and shown in Tables 5 and 13-15. A sixth LED stringis driven by a violet LED having peak emission wavelength of about 410nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a combinedemission of a violet channel having the color point and characteristicsof Violet Channel 3 as described above and shown in Tables 5 and 10-12.

Tables 27-28 shows light-rendering characteristics of the device for arepresentative selection of white light color points near the Planckianlocus. Table 27 shows data for white light color points generated usingthe first, second, fifth, and sixth LED strings, i.e. the blue, red,yellow, and violet channels, in low-EML mode. Table 28 shows data forwhite light color points generated using the second, fifth, and sixthLED strings, i.e. the red, yellow, and violet channels, in very-low-EMLmode.

Example 6

A display system was simulated having four LED strings. A first LEDstring is driven by a blue LED having peak emission wavelength ofapproximately 450 nm to approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a blue channelhaving the color point and characteristics of Blue Channel 1 asdescribed above and shown in Tables 3-5. A second LED string is drivenby a blue LED having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm toapproximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, andgenerates a combined emission of a red channel having the color pointand characteristics of Red Channel 1 as described above and shown inTables 3-5 and 7-9. A fifth LED string is driven by a violet LED havingpeak emission wavelength of about 420 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a yellow colorchannel having the color point and characteristics of Yellow Channel 4as described above and shown in Tables 5 and 13-15. A sixth LED stringis driven by a violet LED having peak emission wavelength of about 420nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a combinedemission of a violet channel having the color point and characteristicsof Violet Channel 4 as described above and shown in Tables 5 and 10-12.

Table 29 shows light-rendering characteristics of the device for arepresentative selection of white light color points near the Planckianlocus. Table 29 shows data for white light color points generated usingthe second, fifth, and sixth LED strings, i.e. the red, yellow, andviolet channels, in very-low-EML mode.

Example 7

A display system was simulated having six lighting channels. The sixlighting channels are a combination of the lighting channels of Example1 and Example 3: Blue Channel 1, Red Channel 1, Short-Blue-Pumped CyanChannel 1, Long-Blue-Pumped Cyan Channel 1, Yellow Chanel 1, and VioletChannel 1. As shown above with reference to Examples 1 and 3, the devicecan be operated in various operating modes with different combinationsof lighting channels. Tables 30-31 show EML and CS values at variousnominal CCT values under different operating modes and the % changesthat can be achieved by switching between operating modes at the samenominal CCT.

Example 8

A display system was simulated having six lighting channels. The sixlighting channels are a combination of the lighting channels of Example1 and Example 4: Blue Channel 1, Red Channel 1, Short-Blue-Pumped CyanChannel 1, Long-Blue-Pumped Cyan Channel 1, Yellow Chanel 2, and VioletChannel 2. As shown above with reference to Examples 1 and 4, the devicecan be operated in various operating modes with different combinationsof lighting channels. Tables 32-33 show EML and CS values at variousnominal CCT values under different operating modes and the % changesthat can be achieved by switching between operating modes at the samenominal CCT.

Example 9

A display system was simulated having six lighting channels. The sixlighting channels are a combination of the lighting channels of Example1 and Example 5: Blue Channel 1, Red Channel 1, Short-Blue-Pumped CyanChannel 1, Long-Blue-Pumped Cyan Channel 1, Yellow Chanel 3, and VioletChannel 3. As shown above with reference to Examples 1 and 5, the devicecan be operated in various operating modes with different combinationsof lighting channels. Tables 34-35 show EML and CS values at variousnominal CCT values under different operating modes and the % changesthat can be achieved by switching between operating modes at the samenominal CCT.

Example 10

A display system was simulated having six lighting channels. The sixlighting channels are a combination of the lighting channels of Example1 and Example 6: Blue Channel 1, Red Channel 1, Short-Blue-Pumped CyanChannel 1, Long-Blue-Pumped Cyan Channel 1, Yellow Chanel 4, and VioletChannel 4. As shown above with reference to Examples 1 and 6, the devicecan be operated in various operating modes with different combinationsof lighting channels. Tables 36-37 show EML and CS values at variousnominal CCT values under different operating modes and the % changesthat can be achieved by switching between operating modes at the samenominal CCT.

Example 11

In some implementations, the display systems of the present disclosurecan comprise three lighting channels as described elsewhere herein. Incertain implementations, the three lighting channels comprise a redlighting channel, a yellow lighting channel, and a violet lightingchannel. The display systems can be operated in a very-low-EML operatingmode in which the red lighting channel, the yellow lighting channel, andthe violet lighting channel are used. The display systems can furthercomprise a control system configured to control the relative intensitiesof light generated in the red lighting channel, the yellow lightingchannel, and the violet lighting channel in order to generate whitelight at a plurality of points near the Planckian locus between about4000K and about 1400K CCT.

Example 12

In some implementations, the display systems of the present disclosurecan comprise four lighting channels as described elsewhere herein. Incertain implementations, the four lighting channels comprise a redlighting channel, a yellow lighting channel, a violet lighting channel,and a blue lighting channel. In some implementations, the displaysystems can be operated in a very-low-EML operating mode in which thered lighting channel, the yellow lighting channel, and the violetlighting channel are used. In further implementations, the displaysystems can be operated in a low-EML operating mode in which the bluelighting channel, the red lighting channel, the yellow lighting channel,and the violet lighting channel are used. In certain implementations,the display systems can transition between the low-EML and thevery-low-EML operating modes in one or both directions while the displaysystems are providing white light along a path of color points near thePlanckian locus. In further implementations, the display systems cantransition between the low-EML and very-low-EML operating modes in oneor both directions while the display systems are changing the CCT of thewhite light along the path of color points near the Planckian locus. Insome implementations the low-EML operating mode can be used ingenerating white light near the Planckian locus with CCT values betweenabout 10000K and about 1800K. In further implementations thevery-low-EML operating mode can be used in generating white light nearthe Planckian locus with CCT values between about 4000K and about 1400K.

Example 13

In some implementations, the display systems of the present disclosurecan comprise five lighting channels as described elsewhere herein. Incertain implementations, the five lighting channels comprise a redlighting channel, a yellow lighting channel, a violet lighting channel,a blue lighting channel, and a long-blue-pumped cyan lighting channel.In some implementations, the display systems can be operated in avery-low-EML operating mode in which the red lighting channel, theyellow lighting channel, and the violet lighting channel are used. Infurther implementations, the display systems can be operated in alow-EML operating mode in which the blue lighting channel, the redlighting channel, the yellow lighting channel, and the violet lightingchannel are used. In yet further implementations, the display systemscan be operated in a high-EML operating mode in which the blue lightingchannel, the red lighting channel, and the long-blue-pumped cyanlighting channel are used. In certain implementations, the displaysystems can transition among two or more of the low-EML, thevery-low-EML, and high-EML operating modes while the display systems areproviding white light along a path of color points near the Planckianlocus. In further implementations, the display systems can transitionamong two or more of the low-EML, the very-low-EML, and high-EMLoperating modes while the display systems are changing the CCT of thewhite light along the path of color points near the Planckian locus. Insome implementations the low-EML operating mode can be used ingenerating white light near the Planckian locus with CCT values betweenabout 10000K and about 1800K. In further implementations thevery-low-EML operating mode can be used in generating white light nearthe Planckian locus with CCT values between about 4000K and about 1400K.In yet further implementations, the high-EML operating mode can be usedin generating white light near the Planckian locus with CCT valuesbetween about 10000K and about 1800K.

General Simulation Method for Examples 14-34

Exemplary first and second lighting channels, and lighting systemshaving pairs of first and second lighting channels, were simulated. Thesimulated lighting systems can be used to provide one or more whitelight sources for a backlighting system in the display systems of thepresent disclosure. For each lighting channel, LED strings and recipientluminophoric mediums with particular emissions were selected, and thenspectral power distributions and various light rendering characteristicsand circadian-stimulating energy characteristics were calculated. Ra,R9, R13, R15, LER, Rf, Rg, CLA, CS, EML, BLH factor, CAF, CER, COI, GAI,GAI15, GAIBB, and circadian-stimulating energy characteristics werecalculated at each representative point. Characteristics and aspects ofthe spectral power distributions are shown in Tables 3-12 and FIGS.9-16.

The calculations were performed with Scilab (Scilab Enterprises,Versailles, France), LightTools (Synopsis, Inc., Mountain View, Calif.),and custom software created using Python (Python Software Foundation,Beaverton, Oreg.). Each lighting channel was simulated with an LEDemission spectrum and excitation and emission spectra of luminophoricmedium(s). The luminophoric mediums can comprise luminescentcompositions of phosphors, quantum dots, or combinations thereof, withsimulations performed based on absorption/emission spectrums andparticle sizes. The exemplary first lighting channels were simulatedusing spectra of LEDs having peak wavelengths of between about 440 nmand about 510 nm, such as a 450 nm peak wavelength blue LED, one or moreLUXEON Z Color Line royal blue LEDs (product code LXZ1-PR01) of colorbin codes 3, 4, 5, or 6 (Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands),one or more LUXEON Z Color Line blue LEDs (LXZ1-PB01) of color bin code1 or 2 (Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands), one or moreLUXEON royal blue LEDs (product code LXML-PR01 and LXML-PRO2) of colorbins 3, 4, 5, or 6 (Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands), oneor more LUXEON Rebel Blue LEDs (LXML-PB01, LXML-PB02) of color bins 1,2, 3, 4, or 5 (Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands), or one ormore LUXEON Rebel Cyan LEDs (LXML-PE01) of color bins 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5(Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands), for example. Theexemplary second lighting channels were simulated using spectra of LEDshaving peak wavelengths of between about 380 nm and about 420 nm, suchas one or more 410 nm peak wavelength violet LEDs, one or more LUXEON ZUV LEDs (product codes LHUV-0380-, LHUV-0385-, LHUV-0390-, LHUV-0395-,LHUV-0400-, LHUV-0405-, LHUV-0410-, LHUV-0415-, LHUV-0420-,) (LumiledsHolding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands), one or more LUXEON UV FC LEDs(product codes LxF3-U410) (Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam,Netherlands), one or more LUXEON UV U LEDs (product code LHUV-0415-)(Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands), for example. SimilarLEDs from other manufacturers such as OSRAM GmbH and Cree, Inc. thatprovide a saturated output at the desired peak wavelengths could also beused.

The emission, excitation and absorption curves for phosphors and quantumdots are available from commercial manufacturers such as MitsubishiChemical Holdings Corporation (Tokyo, Japan), Intematix Corporation(Fremont, CA), EMD Performance Materials of Merck KGaA (Darmstadt,Germany), and PhosphorTech Corporation (Kennesaw, Ga.). The luminophoricmediums used in the first and second lighting channels were simulated ascombinations of one or more of luminescent compositions as describedmore fully elsewhere herein. Those of skill in the art appreciate thatvarious combinations of LEDs and luminescent blends can be combined togenerate combined emissions with desired color points on the 1931 CIEchromaticity diagram and the desired spectral power distributions.

Example 14

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch1” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and a second lighting channel having the characteristicsshown as “2400K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, and 56 and inFIG. 8. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for this pair of firstand second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and 55. The firstlighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peak wavelength andan associated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof. The second lighting channel can comprise anLED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and an associated luminophoricmedium having one or more phosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 15

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch2” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 9, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 8. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 16

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch3” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 10, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 8. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 17

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch4” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 5, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 8. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 18

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “5000K Ch1” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 12, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 8. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 19

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch1” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and a second lighting channel having the characteristicsshown as “2400K Ch2” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, and 56 and inFIG. 7. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for this pair of firstand second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and 55. The firstlighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peak wavelength andan associated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof. The second lighting channel can comprise anLED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and an associated luminophoricmedium having one or more phosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 20

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch2” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 9, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch2” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 7. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 21

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch3” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 10, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch2” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 7. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 22

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch4” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 5, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch2” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 7. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 23

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “5000K Ch1” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 12, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch2” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 7. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 24

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch1” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and a second lighting channel having the characteristicsshown as “2400K Ch3” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, and 56 and inFIG. 6. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for this pair of firstand second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and 55. The firstlighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peak wavelength andan associated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof. The second lighting channel can comprise anLED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and an associated luminophoricmedium having one or more phosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 25

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch2” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 9, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch3” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 6. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 26

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch3” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in

FIG. 10, and a second lighting channel having the characteristics shownas “2400K Ch3” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, and 56 and in FIG. 6.The values for EML slope and EML ratio for this pair of first and secondlighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and 55. The first lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof. The second lighting channel can comprise anLED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and an associated luminophoricmedium having one or more phosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 27

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch4” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 5, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch3” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 6. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 28

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “5000K Ch1” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 12, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “2400K Ch3” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 6. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 29

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch1” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and a second lighting channel having the characteristicsshown as “1800K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, and 56 and inFIG. 11. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for this pair of firstand second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and 55. The firstlighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peak wavelength andan associated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof. The second lighting channel can comprise anLED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and an associated luminophoricmedium having one or more phosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 30

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch2” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 9, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “1800K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 11. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 31

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch3” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 10, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “1800K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 11. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 32

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “4000K Ch4” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 5, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “1800K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 11. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 33

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “5000K Ch1” in Tables 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,53, and 56 and in FIG. 12, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “1800K Ch1” in Tables 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,and 56 and in FIG. 11. The values for EML slope and EML ratio for thispair of first and second lighting channels are shown in Tables 54 and55. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450 nm peakwavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one or morephosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 34

A lighting system was simulated having a first lighting channel havingthe characteristics shown as “Exemplary 1st channels avg” in Tables 44,46, 48, 50, 52, 53, and 56, and a second lighting channel having thecharacteristics shown as “Exemplary 2nd channels avg” in Tables 44, 45,47, 49, 51, 53, and 56. The first lighting channel has a first colorpoint at (0.3735, 0.3719) ccx, ccy coordinates. The second lightingchannel has a second color point at (0.5021, 0.4137) ccx, ccycoordinates. The first lighting channel can comprise an LED having a 450nm peak wavelength and an associated luminophoric medium having one ormore phosphors, quantum dots, or a mixture thereof. The second lightingchannel can comprise an LED having a 410 nm peak wavelength and anassociated luminophoric medium having one or more phosphors, quantumdots, or a mixture thereof.

Example 35

A display system was simulated having three LED strings for use in awarm-dim operation mode. A first LED string is driven by a blue LEDhaving peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates acombined emission of a white color point with a 1931 CIE chromaticitydiagram (ccx, ccy) coordinates of (0.3818, 0.3797). A second LED stringis driven by a blue LED having peak emission wavelength of approximately450 nm to approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoricmedium, and generates a combined emission of a red color point with a1931 CIE chromaticity diagram color point of (0.5932, 0.3903). A thirdLED string is driven by a blue LED having peak emission wavelength ofapproximately 450 nm to approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipientluminophoric medium, and generates a combined emission of a cyan colorpoint with a 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram color point of (0.373,0.4978).

Tables 58 and 59 below shows the spectral power distributions for thered and cyan color points generated by the display system of thisExample, with spectral power shown within wavelength ranges innanometers from 380 nm to 780 nm, with an arbitrary reference wavelengthrange selected for each color range and normalized to a value of 100.0.Table 60 shows color-rendering and circadian performance characteristicsof the device for a representative selection of white light color pointsnear the Planckian locus.

TABLE 7 320 < 340 < 360 < 380 < 400 < 420 < 440 < 460 < 480 < 500 < 520< 540 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 340 360 380 400420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 Red Channel 11 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.93.1 4.9 2.9 8.5 14.9 17.6 Red Channel 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.9 14.9 3.40.5 0.8 2.0 5.8 Red Channel 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.6 21.1 16.7 16.4 15.2 6.010.5 16.8 18.2 Red Channel 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 12.6 68.4 23.0 5.5 16.735.7 43.0 Red Channel 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.9 14.9 3.4 0.5 0.8 2.0 5.8Red Channel 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 15.5 13.4 2.8 0.9 1.0 3.2 5.7 7.8 RedChannel 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 20.3 17.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 Red Channel9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 4.1 5.8 4.0 7.2 12.7 18.9 Red Channel 10 0.00.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 4.5 4.9 3.5 6.7 11.6 17.6 Red Channel 1 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.3 1.4 1.3 0.4 0.9 4.2 9.4 15.3 Red Channel 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.41.1 3.4 3.6 2.7 5.9 11.0 16.9 Exemplary Red 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.20.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 Channels Minimum Exemplary Red 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 5.46.6 12.2 6.0 2.5 5.9 11.1 15.2 Channels Average Exemplary Red 0.0 0.00.0 25.6 21.1 17.9 68.4 23.0 6.0 16.7 35.7 43.0 Channels Maximum 560 <580 < 600 < 620 < 640 < 660 < 680 < 700 < 720 < 740 < 760 < 780 < λ ≤ λ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 580 600 620 640 660 680 700720 740 760 780 800 Red Channel 11 21.8 35.7 63.5 91.4 100.0 83.9 58.335.6 20.3 10.8 5.2 0.0 Red Channel 3 11.8 30.2 64.2 94.6 100.0 83.6 58.736.3 21.0 11.4 6.0 0.0 Red Channel 4 25.8 93.1 231.0 215.2 100.0 27.67.1 2.9 1.9 1.5 1.8 0.0 Red Channel 5 47.5 100.0 478.3 852.3 100.0 12.44.5 2.7 1.9 1.5 1.0 0.0 Red Channel 6 11.8 30.2 64.2 94.6 100.0 83.658.7 36.3 21.0 11.4 6.0 0.0 Red Channel 7 13.0 28.9 59.4 89.8 100.0 84.558.8 36.0 20.5 10.9 5.2 0.0 Red Channel 8 3.2 15.9 46.4 79.8 100.0 94.873.4 50.7 32.9 20.2 11.1 0.0 Red Channel 9 29.4 46.9 72.4 95.7 100.083.0 57.2 34.7 19.7 10.8 5.7 0.0 Red Channel 10 30.0 48.9 67.9 93.5100.0 66.0 33.7 16.5 7.6 3.2 1.5 0.0 Red Channel 1 26.4 45.8 66.0 87.0100.0 72.5 42.0 22.3 11.6 6.1 3.1 0.0 Red Channel 2 28.1 46.8 68.9 92.6100.0 73.9 44.5 24.7 13.1 6.8 3.5 0.0 Exemplary Red 3.2 15.9 46.4 79.8100.0 12.4 4.5 2.7 1.9 1.5 1.0 0.0 Channels Minimum Exemplary Red 22.647.5 116.5 171.5 100.0 69.6 45.2 27.2 15.6 8.6 4.6 0.0 Channels AverageExemplary Red 47.5 100.0 478.3 852.3 100.0 94.8 73.4 50.7 32.9 20.2 11.10.0 Channels Maximum

TABLE 8 320 < 380 < 420 < 460 < 500 < 540 < 580 < 620 < 660 < 700 < 740< λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 380 420 460 500 540 580620 660 700 740 780 Red Channel 11 0.0 0.7 2.1 4.1 12.2 20.5 51.8 100.074.3 29.3 8.4 Red Channel 3 0.0 0.0 9.6 2.0 1.4 9.0 48.5 100.0 73.1 29.59.0 Red Channel 4 0.0 14.8 10.5 6.7 8.7 14.0 102.8 100.0 11.0 1.5 1.1Red Channel 5 0.0 0.2 8.5 3.0 5.5 9.5 60.7 100.0 1.8 0.5 0.3 Red Channel6 0.0 0.0 9.6 2.0 1.4 9.0 48.5 100.0 73.1 29.5 9.0 Red Channel 7 0.0 9.28.6 1.0 4.6 11.0 46.5 100.0 75.5 29.8 8.5 Red Channel 8 0.0 11.5 10.10.1 0.1 2.1 34.6 100.0 93.6 46.5 17.5 Red Channel 9 0.0 0.0 2.3 5.0 10.224.7 61.0 100.0 71.7 27.8 8.4 Red Channel 10 0.0 0.1 2.7 4.3 9.5 24.660.4 100.0 51.5 12.4 2.4 Red Channel 1 0.0 0.2 1.4 0.7 7.3 22.3 59.8100.0 61.2 18.1 4.9 Red Channel 2 0.0 0.3 2.3 3.3 8.8 23.4 60.1 100.061.5 19.6 5.3 Exemplary Red 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.1 0.1 2.1 34.6 100.0 1.8 0.50.3 Channels Minimum Exemplary Red 0.0 3.4 6.2 2.9 6.3 15.5 57.7 100.058.9 22.2 6.8 Channels Average Exemplary Red 0.0 14.8 10.5 6.7 12.2 24.7102.8 100.0 93.6 46.5 17.5 Channels Maximum

TABLE 9 320 < 400 < 500 < 600 < 700 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 400 500 600700 780 Red Channel 11 0.2 3.2 24.8 100.0 18.1 Red Channel 3 0.0 5.712.6 100.0 18.7 Red Channel 4 4.4 13.0 28.3 100.0 1.4 Red Channel 5 0.17.6 16.8 100.0 0.5 Red Channel 6 0.0 5.7 12.6 100.0 18.7 Red Channel 70.5 8.6 14.9 100.0 18.5 Red Channel 8 0.1 9.8 5.1 100.0 29.2 Red Channel9 0.0 3.5 28.2 100.0 17.3 Red Channel 10 0.0 3.8 31.8 100.0 8.0 RedChannel 1 0.0 1.2 27.5 100.0 11.7 Red Channel 2 0.0 2.9 28.6 100.0 12.7Exemplary Red 0.0 1.2 5.1 100.0 0.5 Channels Minimum Exemplary Red 0.56.2 20.3 100.0 14.2 Channels Average Exemplary Red 4.4 13.0 31.8 100.029.2 Channels Maximum

TABLE 10 320 < 340 < 360 < 380 < 400 < 420 < 440 < 460 < 480 < 500 < 520< 540 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 340 360 380 400420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 Violet Channel 1 0.0 51.7 633.8 545.9100.0 53.3 53.9 10.5 6.9 22.4 40.4 48.0 Violet Channel 2 0.0 0.3 11.0116.1 100.0 17.8 2.7 0.5 1.1 4.4 7.9 9.4 Violet Channel 5 0.0 0.3 10.9115.7 100.0 23.4 10.2 1.9 1.4 4.5 8.2 9.7 Violet Channel 3 0.0 0.0 1.429.4 100.0 29.8 4.6 0.8 0.9 3.3 6.0 7.0 Violet Channel 4 0.0 1.0 1.910.7 100.0 86.0 15.7 2.7 3.7 13.8 24.8 28.4 Exemplary Violet 0.0 0.0 1.410.7 100.0 17.8 2.7 0.5 0.9 3.3 6.0 7.0 Channels Minimum ExemplaryViolet 0.0 10.7 131.8 163.6 100.0 42.1 17.4 3.3 2.8 9.7 17.4 20.5Channels Average Exemplary Violet 0.0 51.7 633.8 545.9 100.0 86.0 53.910.5 6.9 22.4 40.4 48.0 Channels Maximum 560 < 580 < 600 < 620 < 640 <660 < 680 < 700 < 720 < 740 < 760 < 780 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ Violet Channel 1 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740760 780 800 Violet Channel 2 51.7 54.0 51.2 41.8 29.8 19.4 11.6 6.8 3.72.0 1.1 0.0 Violet Channel 5 10.0 10.4 9.8 8.0 5.7 3.7 2.2 1.3 0.7 0.40.2 0.0 Violet Channel 3 10.6 11.2 10.8 8.9 6.3 4.1 2.5 1.4 0.8 0.4 0.20.0 Violet Channel 4 7.3 7.3 6.7 5.4 3.8 2.5 1.5 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0Exemplary Violet 28.0 29.9 32.6 20.3 10.7 6.5 3.9 2.4 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.0Channels Minimum Exemplary Violet 7.3 7.3 6.7 5.4 3.8 2.5 1.5 0.9 0.50.3 0.1 0.0 Channels Average Exemplary Violet 21.5 22.6 22.2 16.9 11.37.2 4.3 2.6 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.0 Channels Maximum

TABLE 11 320 < 380 < 420 < 460 < 500 < 540 < 580 < 620 < 660 < 700 < 740< λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 380 420 460 500 540 580620 660 700 740 780 Violet Channel 1 106.1 100.0 16.6 2.7 9.7 15.4 16.311.1 4.8 1.6 0.5 Violet Channel 2 5.2 100.0 9.5 0.8 5.7 9.0 9.3 6.3 2.70.9 0.3 Violet Channel 5 5.2 100.0 15.6 1.5 5.9 9.4 10.2 7.1 3.1 1.0 0.3Violet Channel 3 1.1 100.0 26.6 1.3 7.1 11.0 10.8 7.1 3.0 1.0 0.3 VioletChannel 4 2.6 100.0 91.9 5.8 34.8 50.9 56.4 28.0 9.4 3.4 1.2 ExemplaryViolet 1.1 100.0 9.5 0.8 5.7 9.0 9.3 6.3 2.7 0.9 0.3 Channels MinimumExemplary Violet 24.1 100.0 32.0 2.4 12.6 19.2 20.6 11.9 4.6 1.6 0.5Channels Average Exemplary Violet 106.1 100.0 91.9 5.8 34.8 50.9 56.428.0 9.4 3.4 1.2 Channels Maximum

TABLE 12 320 < 400 < 500 < 600 < 700 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 400 500 600700 780 Violet Channel 1 548.2 100.0 96.4 68.5 6.1 Violet Channel 2104.3 100.0 34.4 24.0 2.1 Violet Channel 5 92.7 100.0 32.3 23.8 2.1Violet Channel 3 22.7 100.0 22.7 14.5 1.3 Violet Channel 4 6.5 100.059.9 35.6 2.5 Exemplary Violet 6.5 100.0 22.7 14.5 1.3 Channels MinimumExemplary Violet 154.9 100.0 49.2 33.3 2.8 Channels Average ExemplaryViolet 548.2 100.0 96.4 68.5 6.1 Channels Maximum

TABLE 13 320 < 340 < 360 < 380 < 400 < 420 < 440 < 460 < 480 < 500 < 520< 540 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 340 360 380 400420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 Yellow Channel 1 0.0 2.0 24.3 20.9 3.92.6 2.8 1.3 14.6 55.3 92.6 100.0 Yellow Channel 2 0.0 0.1 2.3 24.3 20.93.7 0.6 1.8 17.7 55.3 89.8 100.0 Yellow Channel 5 0.0 0.1 2.2 23.4 20.35.4 3.0 0.9 11.3 48.1 87.3 100.0 Yellow Channel 3 0.0 0.0 0.4 9.2 31.49.4 1.4 0.6 11.3 48.2 87.5 100.0 Yellow Channel 6 0.0 04 0.6 9.6 32.49.7 1.6 0.7 11.3 47.9 87.1 100.0 Yellow Channel 4 0.0 5.0 8.0 74 9.4 7.63.6 2.2 11.8 48.2 87.2 100.0 Exemplary Yellow 0.0 0.0 0.4 74 3.9 2.6 0.60.6 11.3 47.9 87.1 100.0 Channels Minimum Exemplary Yellow 0.0 1.2 6.315.8 19.7 6.4 2.2 1.3 13.0 50.5 88.6 100.0 Channels Average ExemplaryYellow 0.0 5.0 24.3 24.3 32.4 9.7 3.6 2.2 17.7 55.3 92.6 100.0 ChannelsMaximum 560 < 580 < 600 < 620 < 640 < 660 < 680 < 700 < 720 < 740 < 760< 780 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 580 600 620 640660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 Yellow Channel 1 91.4 77.7 61.5 44.630.0 19.6 11.8 7.3 4.1 2.3 1.3 0.0 Yellow Channel 2 94.2 80.8 63.6 45.930.7 20.0 12.1 7.5 4.2 2.4 1.5 0.0 Yellow Channel 5 96.7 85.5 69.3 51.034.5 22.6 13.7 8.4 4.7 2.7 1.5 0.0 Yellow Channel 3 95.8 83.2 66.2 47.932.2 21.0 12.8 7.9 4.5 2.6 1.5 0.0 Yellow Channel 6 97.4 88.6 77.3 64.149.6 35.4 22.7 14.0 7.9 4.4 2.4 0.0 Yellow Channel 4 99.9 113.9 134.080.5 39.5 23.2 13.9 8.6 5.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 Exemplary Yellow 91.4 77.7 61.544.6 30.0 19.6 11.8 7.3 4.1 2.3 1.3 0.0 Channels Minimum ExemplaryYellow 95.9 88.3 78.7 55.7 36.1 23.6 14.5 9.0 5.1 2.9 1.7 0.0 ChannelsAverage Exemplary Yellow 99.9 113.9 134.0 80.5 49.6 35.4 22.7 14.0 7.94.4 2.4 0.0 Channels Maximum

TABLE 14 320 < 380 < 420 < 460 < 500 < 540 < 580 < 620 < 660 < 700 < 740< λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 380 420 460 500 540 580620 660 700 740 780 Yellow Channel 1 13.7 12.9 2.8 8.3 77.2 100.0 72.739.0 16.4 5.9 1.9 Yellow Channel 2 1.2 23.3 2.2 10.1 74.7 100.0 74.439.5 16.5 6.0 2.0 Yellow Channel 5 1.2 22.2 4.3 6.2 68.8 100.0 78.7 43.518.4 6.7 2.2 Yellow Channel 3 0.2 20.8 5.5 6.1 69.3 100.0 76.3 40.9 17.36.3 2.1 Yellow Channel 6 0.3 21.3 5.7 6.0 68.4 100.0 84.1 57.6 29.5 11.13.4 Yellow Channel 4 6.5 8.3 5.6 7.0 67.7 100.0 124.1 60.1 18.6 6.8 2.5Exemplary Yellow 0.2 8.3 2.2 6.0 67.7 100.0 72.7 39.0 16.4 5.9 1.9Channels Minimum Exemplary Yellow 3.9 18.1 4.4 7.3 71.0 100.0 85.0 46.719.4 7.1 2.3 Channels Average Exemplary Yellow 13.7 23.3 5.7 10.1 77100.0 124.1 60.1 29.5 11.1 3.4 Channels Maximum

TABLE 15 320 < 400 < 500 < 600 < 700 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 400 500 600700 780 Yellow Channel 1 11.3 6.1 100.0 40.2 3.6 Yellow Channel 2 6.310.7 100.0 41.0 3.7 Yellow Channel 5 6.2 9.8 100.0 45.8 4.2 YellowChannel 3 2.3 13.0 100.0 43.4 4.0 Yellow Channel 6 2.4 13.2 100.0 59.26.8 Yellow Channel 4 4.5 7.7 100.0 64.8 4.1 Exemplary Yellow 2.3 6.1100.0 40.2 3.6 Channels Minimum Exemplary Yellow 5.5 10.1 100.0 49.1 4.4Channels Average Exemplary Yellow 11.3 13.2 100.0 64.8 6.8 ChannelsMaximum

TABLE 16 Simulated Performance Using 4 Channels from Example 1(highest-CRI mode) ccx ccy CCT duv Ra R9 R13 R15 LER COI 0.280 0.28710090 −0.41 95.7 82.9 96.7 91.0 253.3 8.9 0.284 0.293 9450 0.56 96.288.5 98.0 92.4 256.9 8.7 0.287 0.286 8998 0.06 96.2 85.7 97.4 92.1 257.78.2 0.291 0.300 8503 −0.24 96.3 84.2 97.1 92.0 259.0 7.6 0.300 0.3107506 −0.35 96.4 82.5 96.4 92.0 262.3 6.4 0.306 0.317 7017 0.38 97.0 86.897.6 93.5 266.0 6.0 0.314 0.325 6480 0.36 97.3 87.4 97.7 94.0 268.5 5.20.322 0.331 5992 −0.56 96.9 84.2 96.7 93.3 269.1 4.2 0.332 0.342 55010.4 97.2 86.6 96.7 94.2 271.7 3.2 0.345 0.352 4991 0.31 97.0 87.0 96.793.8 273.3 2.0 0.361 0.365 4509 0.8 96.8 86.8 96.2 94.2 274.7 0.9 0.3810.378 3992 0.42 96.4 85.7 95.5 94.3 274.3 1.0 0.405 0.391 3509 0.1 95.885.9 94.8 94.4 271.9 2.7 0.438 0.406 2997 0.58 95.3 89.3 94.3 95.4 267.00.460 0.410 2701 −0.07 95.3 92.6 94.3 96.3 260.7 0.487 0.415 2389 −0.0695.7 98.7 95.0 98.3 252.3 0.517 0.416 2097 0.39 95.7 90.2 96.9 97.8241.4 0.549 0.409 1808 0.25 95.7 73.3 97.7 91.4 227.4 0.571 0.400 1614−0.19 91.7 58.7 92.7 85.6 214.4

TABLE 17 Simulated Performance Using the Blue, Red, and Long-Blue-PumpedCyan Channels from Example 1 (High-EML mode) ccx ccy CCT duv Ra R9 R13R15 LER COI CLA CS Rf Rg 0.280 0.288 10124 0.56 95.9 86.9 97.4 91.6254.2 9.1 2236 0.6190 89 98 0.287 0.296 8993 0.58 95.8 83.3 96.2 91.1256.6 8.0 2094 0.6130 90 99 0.295 0.305 7999 −0.03 95.2 77.3 94.3 89.9258.2 6.7 1947 0.6070 90 99 0.306 0.317 7026 0.5 94.3 76.0 93.2 89.7261.3 5.3 1761 0.5980 89 99 0.314 0.325 6490 0.52 93.4 74.3 92.3 89.3262.7 4.4 1643 0.5910 89 99 0.322 0.332 6016 0.08 92.5 71.9 91.2 88.5263.3 3.4 1533 0.5830 89 99 0.332 0.342 5506 0.73 91.7 73.1 90.7 88.9265.2 2.5 1386 0.5720 88 99 0.345 0.352 5000 0.39 90.1 71.6 89.8 87.9265.6 1.3 1238 0.5590 86 97 0.361 0.364 4510 0.51 88.8 70.2 88.6 87.5265.9 0.9 1070 0.5400 83 96 0.381 0.378 4002 0.66 87.3 69.5 87.3 87.2265.2 2.0 877 0.5110 81 94 0.405 0.392 3507 0.48 85.9 70.1 86.0 87.1262.6 3.6 1498 0.5810 79 93 0.438 0.407 2998 0.84 84.7 74.5 85.3 88.3257.7 1292 0.5640 75 89 0.460 0.411 2700 0.23 84.7 79.1 85.5 89.6 252.01155 0.5500 73 87 0.482 0.408 2399 −2.21 86.2 86.4 86.3 91.7 242.7 10090.5320 77 90 0.508 0.404 2103 −3.59 88.2 97.6 89.2 96.2 232.3 831 0.503082 94 0.542 0.398 1794 −3.34 91.2 79.1 96.6 95.0 219.6 590 0.4450 87 990.583 0.392 1505 −0.7 88.2 49.0 89.0 81.5 205.5 290 0.3110 80 103circadian power circadian ccx ccy CCT duv GAI GAI 15 GAI_BB [mW] fluxCER CAF EML BLH 0.280 0.288 10124 0.56 106.0 298.4 99.0 0.06 0.03 298.61.17 1.324 0.251 0.287 0.296 8993 0.58 105.2 293.1 99.2 0.06 0.03 287.61.12 1.284 0.257 0.295 0.305 7999 −0.03 104.5 287.8 99.8 0.07 0.03 274.81.06 1.240 0.264 0.306 0.317 7026 0.5 101.7 277.0 99.4 0.07 0.03 259.60.99 1.188 0.276 0.314 0.325 6490 0.52 99.8 269.8 99.3 0.08 0.03 249.10.95 1.153 0.285 0.322 0.332 6016 0.08 98.0 263.0 99.6 0.08 0.03 238.40.90 1.117 0.293 0.332 0.342 5506 0.73 94.0 250.7 98.7 0.09 0.04 225.20.85 1.074 0.310 0.345 0.352 5000 0.39 90.1 238.4 98.6 0.10 0.04 209.90.79 1.024 0.330 0.361 0.364 4510 0.51 84.2 221.8 97.7 0.11 0.04 192.60.72 0.967 0.320 0.381 0.378 4002 0.66 76.0 199.7 96.1 0.09 0.03 171.50.65 0.897 0.245 0.405 0.392 3507 0.48 66.0 174.1 94.6 0.08 0.03 148.00.56 0.815 0.178 0.438 0.407 2998 0.84 51.4 138.2 90.2 0.06 0.02 119.40.46 0.711 0.115 0.460 0.411 2700 0.23 43.3 118.5 90.1 0.05 0.01 101.70.40 0.640 0.085 0.482 0.408 2399 −2.21 39.4 109.3 102.3 0.04 0.01 85.00.35 0.560 0.066 0.508 0.404 2103 −3.59 33.6 95.4 119.4 0.03 0.01 66.30.28 0.462 0.048 0.542 0.398 1794 −3.34 24.2 71.4 142.3 0.02 0.00 43.40.20 0.330 0.030 0.583 0.392 1505 −0.7

TABLE 18 Simulated Performance Using the Blue, Red, andShort-Blue-Pumped Cyan Channels from Example 1 (High-CRI mode) circadianpower circadian ccx ccy CCT duv GAI GAI 15 GAI_BB [mW] flux CER CAF EMLBLH 0.2795 0.2878 10154.39 0.45 105.7 299.6 99.3 0.1 0.0 297.7 1.21.287392 0.242465 0.2835 0.2927 9463.51 0.57 105.1 296.8 99.5 0.1 0.0291.0 1.1 1.255256 0.243167 0.2868 0.2963 8979.72 0.48 104.8 294.9 99.80.1 0.0 285.6 1.1 1.230498 0.243703 0.2904 0.3008 8501.8 0.69 104.0292.0 99.9 0.1 0.0 279.7 1.1 1.202935 0.244396 0.3006 0.31 7485.85 −0.27103.4 287.3 101.3 0.1 0.0 263.9 1.0 1.138359 0.245866 0.3064 0.31597006.5 −0.29 102.4 283.1 101.7 0.1 0.0 255.1 1.0 1.101543 0.2469230.3137 0.3232 6489.8 −0.31 100.8 277.6 102.2 0.1 0.0 244,2 0.9 1.0572410.24832 0.322 0.3308 6006.26 −0.45 99.1 271.4 102.9 0.1 0.0 232.5 0.91.01129 0.2499 0.3324 0.3414 5501.95 0.21 95.8 261.3 102.9 0.1 0.0 218.10.8 0.954284 0.252421 0.3452 0.3514 4993.84 −0.12 92.5 251.2 104.0 0.10.0 201.4 0.7 0.893796 0.25518 0.361 0.3635 4492.22 −0.07 87.6 237.1104.7 0.1 0.0 182.1 0.7 0.82457 0.259194 0.3806 0.3773 3999.36 0.24 80.7218.2 105.0 0.1 0.0 159.8 0.6 0.746244 0.265169 0.4044 0.3896 3509.79−0.28 72.6 196.8 106.8 0.1 0.0 135.5 0.5 0.663096 0.198253 0.4373 0.40462997.87 0.16 59.3 162.9 106.3 0.1 0.0 105.4 0.4 0.558039 0.127844 0.45810.4081 2705 −0.79 52.4 145.2 110.1 0.0 0.0 89.0 0.3 0.498973 0.0972290.4858 0.4142 2400.92 −0.13 40.5 114.8 107.3 0.0 0.0 68.7 0.3 0.421210.064438 0.5162 0.4156 2104.13 0.3 28.4 82.4 102.9 0.0 0.0 49.3 0.20.339504 0.039198 0.5487 0.4058 1789.82 −0.69 19.6 57.8 116.1 0.0 0.032.4 0.1 0.252508 0.023439 0.5742 0.399 1593.58 0.05 ccx ccy CCT duv RaR9 R13 R15 LER COI CLA CS Rf Rg 0.2795 0.2878 10154.39 0.45 95.77 95.0599.27 93.65 257.2 9.6 2199 0.617 89 98 0.2835 0.2927 9463.51 0.57 95.9195.56 99.15 94.08 259.63 9.12 2104 0.614 89 99 0.2868 0.2963 8979.720.48 96.05 94.99 99.24 94.34 261.19 8.69 2033 0.6110 89 100 0.29040.3008 8501.8 0.69 96.11 95.94 99.02 94.76 263.35 8.28 1952 0.6070 90100 0.3006 0.31 7485.85 −0.27 96.32 91.29 99.44 94.86 266.03 6.95 17740.5980 90 101 0.3064 0.3159 7006.5 −0.29 96.33 91.45 99.45 95.26 268.186.3 1670 0.5920 91 101 0.3137 0.3232 6489.8 −0.31 96.34 91.81 99.4495.76 270.59 5.51 1546 0.5840 91 102 0.322 0.3308 6006.26 −0.45 96.3391.92 99.38 96.16 272.63 4.65 1420 0.5750 92 102 0.3324 0.3414 5501.950.21 96.39 95.57 99.13 97.53 276.11 3.73 1260 0.5610 92 102 0.34520.3514 4993.84 −0.12 96.8 95.19 98.84 96.57 277.51 2.51 1100 0.5440 92102 0.361 0.3635 4492.22 −0.07 96.83 94.58 99.18 97.25 278.89 1.16 9190.5180 93 102 0.3806 0.3773 3999.36 0.24 96.85 94.73 99.44 97.96 279.470.46 719 0.4790 94 102 0.4044 0.3896 3509.79 −0.28 96.77 93.51 99.0197.87 276.46 2.34 522 0.4230 94 103 0.4373 0.4046 2997.87 0.16 96.8996.02 98.46 98.58 271.21 1020 0.5330 95 103 0.4581 0.4081 2705 −0.7996.85 97.34 97.5 98.4 263.76 906 0.5160 95 104 0.4858 0.4142 2400.92−0.13 97.27 96.43 97.97 99.32 255.71 756 0.4880 95 104 0.5162 0.41562104.13 0.3 97.2 87.34 99.31 96.46 244.06 601 0.4490 93 102 0.54870.4058 1789.82 −0.69 95.09 72.11 97.24 91.09 225.81 444 0.3930 87 1040.5742 0.399 1593.58 0.05 91.03 56.48 91.54 84.56 213.34 316 0.3270 83101

TABLE 19 Comparison of EML Between 3-Channel Operation Modes Red, Blue,Red, Blue, Change in EML and Short-Blue- and Long-Blue- between High-CRIPumped Cyan Pumped Cyan and High-EML (High-CRI mode) (High-EML mode)modes at same CCT EML CCT EML approximate CCT 10154.39 1.287392 10124.151.323599 2.8% 9463.51 1.255256 8979.72 1.230498 8993.02 1.284446 4.4%8501.8 1.202935 7998.71 1.240274 7485.85 1.138359 7006.5 1.1015437025.83 1.188225 7.9% 6489.8 1.057241 6490.37 1.153187 9.1% 6006.261.01129 6015.98 1.117412 10.5% 5501.95 0.954284 5505.85 1.074033 12.5%4993.84 0.893796 4999.87 1.023649 14.5% 4492.22 0.82457 4509.8 0.96669317.2% 3999.36 0.746244 4001.99 0.896774 20.2% 3509.79 0.663096 3507.130.815304 23.0% 2997.87 0.558039 2998.02 0.711335 27.5% 2705 0.4989732700.47 0.639906 28.2% 2400.92 0.42121 2398.75 0.5596 32.9% 2104.130.339504 2102.54 0.461974 36.1% 1789.82 0.252508 1794.12 0.330184 30.8%1593.58 1505.05

TABLE 20 Simulated Performance Using 4 Channels from Example 1(Highest-CRI mode) with Relative Signal Strengths Calculated for 100Lumens Flux Output from the Device Short-Blue- Long-Blue- Pumped Pumpedflux Blue Red Cyan Cyan CCT duv total Ra R9 EML 0.72 0.15 0.04 0.08 99970.99 100.0073 95.1 96.1 1.306 0.70 0.15 0.06 0.08 9501 0.99 100.007495.3 96.3 1.283 0.67 0.16 0.09 0.08 9002 0.99 100.0075 95.5 96.3 1.2570.65 0.16 0.11 0.08 8501 0.99 100.0075 95.7 96.4 1.229 0.58 0.17 0.160.08 7499 0.99 100.0077 96.2 96.4 1.163 0.55 0.18 0.19 0.09 6999 0.99100.0079 96.5 96.0 1.125 0.51 0.19 0.22 0.09 6499 0.99 100.008 96.8 95.71.082 0.46 0.20 0.25 0.09 5998 0.99 100.0082 97.1 94.8 1.035 0.41 0.220.27 0.10 5498 0.99 100.0085 97.5 93.7 0.983 0.35 0.24 0.30 0.11 49990.99 100.0089 97.7 92.3 0.925 0.30 0.26 0.35 0.09 4499 0.99 100.009198.0 92.7 0.848 0.24 0.29 0.38 0.08 3999 0.99 100.0096 97.9 92.2 0.7690.18 0.34 0.42 0.07 3499 0.99 100.0102 97.7 92.9 0.675 0.11 0.41 0.440.04 2999 0.99 100.0111 97.4 95.6 0.567 0.08 0.46 0.43 0.03 2699 0.99100.0118 97.5 98.8 0.495 0.04 0.54 0.40 0.02 2399 1.00 100.0127 97.795.7 0.419 0.02 0.64 0.34 0.01 2100 1.00 100.0141 97.4 86.6 0.337 0.000.78 0.19 0.03 1800 0.15 100.0161 95.6 73.0 0.261

TABLE 21 Simulated Performance Using the Blue, Red, and Long-Blue-PumpedCyan Channels from Example 1 (High-EML mode) with Relative SignalStrengths Calculated for 100 Lumens Flux Output from the DeviceLong-Blue- Pumped flux Blue Red Cyan CCT duv total Ra R9 EML 0.71 0.160.13 10468 0.77 99.24986 94.7 97.3 1.300 0.66 0.17 0.17 9001 0.99100.008 94.9 90.1 1.285 0.59 0.18 0.23 7998 0.99 100.0085 94.5 86.71.242 0.51 0.21 0.29 6999 0.99 100.0091 93.8 82.6 1.187 0.46 0.22 0.326498 0.99 100.0095 93.1 80.4 1.154 0.41 0.24 0.35 5998 0.99 100.009992.3 78.0 1.116 0.36 0.26 0.39 5498 0.99 100.0104 91.3 75.6 1.073 0.290.28 0.43 4999 0.99 100.0109 90.2 73.3 1.023 0.23 0.31 0.46 4499 0.99100.0115 88.8 71.4 0.965 0.18 0.35 0.47 3999 −0.35 100.0122 87.3 68.20.897 0.11 0.41 0.48 3499 −1.01 100.013 86.0 68.6 0.816 0.05 0.48 0.472999 −1.01 100.014 85.1 73.3 0.715 0.01 0.53 0.45 2700 −1.01 100.014685.1 78.7 0.642 0.02 0.61 0.37 2400 −4.00 100.0153 86.5 85.8 0.564 0.010.69 0.30 2100 −4.00 100.0161 88.2 97.6 0.462 0.00 0.81 0.19 1800 −3.28100.0172 91.2 79.3 0.333

TABLE 22 Simulated Performance Using the Blue, Red, andShort-Blue-Pumped Cyan Channels from Example 1 (High-CRI mode) withRelative Signal Strengths Calculated for 100 Lumens Flux Output from theDevice Short-Blue- Pumped flux Blue Red Cyan CCT duv total Ra R9 EML0.75 0.14 0.11 10144 0.47 100 94.9 98.0 1.287 0.72 0.14 0.14 9458 0.59100 95.0 98.0 1.255 0.69 0.15 0.16 8976 0.50 100 95.2 98.2 1.230 0.660.15 0.19 8498 0.70 100 95.2 97.8 1.203 0.61 0.17 0.23 7481 −0.26 10096.1 96.5 1.138 0.57 0.17 0.26 7003 −0.28 100 96.3 96.4 1.101 0.53 0.180.29 6487 −0.29 100 96.5 96.2 1.057 0.49 0.20 0.32 5989 −0.54 100 96.894.9 1.010 0.43 0.21 0.36 5499 0.23 100 96.7 97.3 0.954 0.38 0.23 0.394993 −0.12 100 96.8 95.4 0.894 0.32 0.25 0.42 4491 −0.09 100 96.9 94.80.825 0.26 0.29 0.45 3999 0.25 100 96.9 95.0 0.746 0.20 0.34 0.46 3509−0.29 100 96.9 93.8 0.663 0.13 0.40 0.47 2998 0.18 100 97.0 96.3 0.5580.10 0.46 0.44 2705 −0.79 100 96.9 97.6 0.499 0.06 0.54 0.40 2401 −0.16100 97.3 96.2 0.421 0.02 0.63 0.34 2104 0.32 100 97.2 87.1 0.340 0.010.78 0.21 1790 −0.70 100 95.0 71.9 0.253

TABLE 23 Violet Blue Red Yellow Channel Channel Channel Channel 1 1 1 1x y CCT duv Ra R9 R13 R15 LER COI GAI 1 0.4863 0.0275 0.0145 0.28080.2878 10006.64 −0.32 88.93 56.99 89.55 90.02 170.08 13.12 101.1 10.4798 0.0307 0.0275 0.2866 0.2961 9012.09 0.49 88.11 52.29 88.39 88.34175.4 12.56 99.5 1 0.4410 0.0339 0.0404 0.2947 0.3059 8001.65 0.89 87.2948.58 87.25 86.96 178.35 11.77 97.8 1 0.3667 0.0371 0.0501 0.3062 0.31766993.76 0.67 86.47 46.21 86.2 85.94 177.6 10.66 95.9 1 0.3247 0.04040.0533 0.3136 0.3239 6498.08 0.15 86.23 46.62 85.94 85.88 176.16 9.8994.9 1 0.2892 0.0468 0.0565 0.3220 0.3305 6007.62 −0.62 86.21 48.6286.01 86.26 175.26 8.94 94.0 1 0.2375 0.0468 0.0630 0.3324 0.34145501.83 0.25 84.55 41.19 83.93 83.37 174.38 8.24 90.5 1 0.2118 0.06300.0727 0.3448 0.3513 5008.33 −0.03 84.47 43.2 83.93 83.42 178.14 6.8488.0 1 0.1664 0.0727 0.0759 0.3608 0.3632 4497.73 −0.17 84.23 45.1883.67 83.11 176.16 5.48 83.7 1 0.0953 0.0727 0.0727 0.3808 0.37803999.57 0.49 82.44 40.62 81.71 80.76 168.6 4.28 76.8 1 0.0307 0.07270.0598 0.4055 0.3901 3489.48 −0.33 80.86 39.01 80.4 79.43 154.51 3.2169.4 Circadian energy in power Circadian 440-490/ CCT GAI 15 GAI_BB [mW]flux CER CAF EML CLA CS Rf Rg BLH total 10006.64 289.2 96.1 0.046 0.014234.3 1.128 1.2035 2140 0.6150 85 97 0.1520 24.31% 9012.09 283.7 96.00.047 0.014 227.9 1.069 1.1519 1987 0.6090 85 98 0.1502 23.42% 8001.65277.5 96.3 0.046 0.013 216.7 0.997 1.0863 1805 0.6000 84 97 0.140821.93% 6993.76 270.4 97.2 0.042 0.011 199.5 0.913 1.0044 1592 0.5870 8498 0.1231 19.70% 6498.08 266.6 98.2 0.041 0.010 189.1 0.866 0.9583 14770.5790 84 99 0.1132 18.38% 6007.62 262.6 99.6 0.039 0.009 178.5 0.8180.9105 1358 0.5700 83 100 0.1049 17.06% 5501.83 252.5 99.5 0.037 0.008164.5 0.751 0.8453 1189 0.5540 82 100 0.0927 15.23% 5008.33 244.2 100.90.037 0.008 153.2 0.688 0.7870 1034 0.5350 82 100 0.0883 13.83% 4497.73231.7 102.3 0.034 0.007 136.0 0.614 0.7117 850 0.5060 82 100 0.076211.69% 3999.57 212.4 102.3 0.031 0.005 116.1 0.525 0.6178 634 0.4580 79101 0.0604 8.87% 3489.48 191.0 104.4 0.026 0.004 91.3 0.436 0.5147 4260.3850 74 102 0.0444 5.89%

TABLE 24 Violet Red Yellow Channel Channel Channel 1 1 1 x y CCT duv RaR9 R13 R15 LER COI GAI 1 0.01 0.0307 0.3798 0.3755 4006.89 −0.39 72.72−1.48 70.29 67.32 119.13 7.63 75.0 1 0.0404 0.0436 0.4048 0.3901 3506.88−0.13 76.74 22.68 75.58 73.83 135.43 4.36 68.6 1 0.1115 0.0662 0.43730.4055 3004.86 0.51 81.38 44.89 81.5 80.46 158.17 3.08 57.6 1 0.19550.0824 0.4602 0.4109 2697.63 0.09 84.56 56.59 85.48 84.52 171.67 4.9850.0 1 0.3603 0.1082 0.4863 0.415 2400.85 0.11 87.56 64.45 88.99 87.52186.8 7.75 40.4 1 0.7124 0.1373 0.5152 0.4136 2100.63 −0.32 90.1 67.491.71 89.07 197.99 11.39 30.5 0.4378 1 0.105 0.5503 0.4097 1800.92 0.4990.94 62.65 92.01 87.32 210.12 16 17.4 0.1276 1 0.0468 0.5739 0.40111605.63 0.52 89.19 53.54 89.58 83.84 209.15 19.91 0 1 0.01 0.5904 0.39261472.77 0.48 86.22 43.73 85.8 79 204.65 23.1 Circadian energy in powerCircadian 440-490/ CCT GAI 15 GAI_BB [mW] flux CER CAF EML CLA CS Rf RgBLH total 4006.89 209.1 100.7 0.0219 0.0026 91.2 0.510 0.5409 614 0.452066 99 0.035624 5.32% 3506.88 188.7 102.6 0.0232 0.0028 83.1 0.429 0.4850414 0.3790 68 101 0.036204 4.64% 3004.86 157.1 102.3 0.0255 0.0031 71.30.338 0.4190 788 0.4940 71 103 0.037333 3.72% 2697.63 136.1 103.7 0.02760.0034 62.5 0.287 0.3762 699 0.4750 72 105 0.038411 3.10% 2400.85 110.2103.1 0.0312 0.0038 52.1 0.233 0.3289 601 0.4480 74 105 0.040364 2.42%2100.63 83.9 105.3 0.0370 0.0045 40.7 0.181 0.2769 499 0.4140 74 1060.04391 1.75% 1800.92 47.8 94.0 0.0265 0.0032 26.8 0.121 0.2127 3740.3600 77 103 0.025696 0.98% 1605.63 290 0.3110 77 100 0.61% 1472.77 2280.2660 77 96 0.41%

TABLE 25 Violet Blue Red Yellow Channel Channel Channel Channel 2 1 1 2x y CCT duv Ra R9 R13 R15 LER COI 1 0.5897 0.0145 0.0533 0.2805 0.287710048.55 −0.24 84.74 35.51 83.78 83.54 194.76 14.75 1 0.5669 0.0210.0662 0.2872 0.2947 9004.53 −0.61 84.63 36.9 83.72 83.62 198.26 13.89 10.5089 0.021 0.0824 0.2953 0.3043 8002.62 −0.27 83.38 21.18 82.17 81.47201.36 13.28 1 0.4927 0.0339 0.1082 0.3064 0.3167 6994.18 0.09 82.829.98 81.54 80.47 209.16 11.99 1 0.4637 0.0404 0.1212 0.3134 0.32496502.6 0.25 82.25 28.43 80.9 79.58 212.19 11.3 1 0.4249 0.0501 0.13410.3221 0.3321 5996.32 0.2 81.71 27.74 80.34 78.87 214.8 10.4 1 0.38930.063 0.1535 0.3326 0.3426 5491.51 0.71 80.84 25.11 79.33 77.43 219.339.4 1 0.3538 0.0889 0.1696 0.3453 0.3522 4995.38 0.23 81.06 29.17 79.6377.95 22.48 7.97 1 0.315 0.1244 0.1955 0.3612 0.3649 4495.14 0.53 80.9832.3 79.74 78.15 227.7 6.4 1 0.2342 0.1598 0.2084 0.3808 0.3783 4001.50.64 80.59 34.94 79.6 78.1 228.56 4.76 1 0.1599 0.2278 0.2213 0.4060.3916 3492.72 0.26 81.11 41.82 80.74 79.55 228.66 2.93 Circadian energyin power Circadian 440-490/ CCT GAI GAI 15 GAI_BB [mW] flux CER CAF EMLCLA CS Rf Rg BLH total 10048.55 99.4 286.8 95.3 0.06561 0.01832 227.61.15226 1.16343 2214 0.6180 82 98 0.2269 20.57% 9004.53 99.0 284.0 96.10.06523 0.01785 220.1 1.09461 1.11189 2067 0.6120 82 98 0.2212 19.63%8002.62 97.2 277.5 96.2 0.06317 0.01659 209.1 1.02377 1.04507 18880.6040 80 98 0.2072 18.14% 6994.18 95.1 269.6 96.9 0.06389 0.01635 198.60.93634 0.97088 1666 0.5920 80 98 0.2030 16.89% 6502.6 93.6 264.4 97.30.06322 0.01576 190.8 0.88706 0.92605 1542 0.5840 79 98 0.1961 15.91%5996.32 91.9 258.5 98.0 0.06209 0.01496 181.2 0.83216 0.87477 14040.5740 78 99 0.1871 14.71% 5491.51 89.1 249.5 98.3 0.06152 0.01428 170.60.76736 0.81655 1242 0.5590 77 99 0.1788 13.41% 4995.38 86.7 241.3 99.80.06092 0.01360 158.8 0.70408 0.75818 1085 0.5420 77 99 0.1707 12.05%4495.14 82.3 227.8 100.6 0.06079 0.01292 144.7 0.62725 0.68922 8950.5140 77 99 0.1621 10.45% 4001.5 76.5 210.3 101.2 0.05795 0.01128 126.30.54556 0.60853 697 0.4740 75 100 0.1442 8.27% 3492.72 69.0 187.7 102.40.05580 0.00982 106.1 0.45814 0.52239 487 0.4100 72 101 0.1282 6.06%

TABLE 26 Violet Red Yellow Channel Channel Channel 2 1 2 x y CCT duv RaR9 R13 R15 LER COI 1 0.2052 0.1664 0.4371 0.4039 2996.5 −0.07 77.9737.32 78.11 76.47 209.43 3.24 1 0.3538 0.1986 0.4592 0.4097 2702.82−0.25 81.29 49.05 82.14 80.83 217.13 4.6 1 0.6704 0.2536 0.4861 0.41442399.16 −0.08 84.77 58.13 86.1 84.59 224.1 7.33 0.6898 1 0.2375 0.51620.4152 2101.05 0.18 87.89 62.54 89.28 86.86 226.74 10.95 0.2633 1 0.11470.5494 0.4075 1795.06 −0.17 89.46 59.71 90.5 86.24 219.6 15.9 0 1 0.01450.5884 0.3941 1490.7 0.58 86.53 44.85 86.19 79.53 206.45 22.61 Circadianenergy in power Circadian 440-490/ CCT GAI GAI 15 GAI_BB [mW] flux CERCAF EML CLA CS Rf Rg BLH total 2996.5 58.5 151.8 99.2 0.04468 0.0059278.2 0.36760 0.39920 283 0.3060 58 102 0.0914 2.27% 2702.82 51.0 130.999.3 0.04816 0.00634 68.2 0.31019 0.36006 686 0.4710 59 103 0.0931 1.94%2399.16 40.8 104.2 97.5 0.05457 0.00709 55.9 0.24677 0.31417 586 0.444061 103 0.0965 1.54% 2101.05 29.4 75.0 94.0 0.04689 0.00596 42.1 0.184390.26370 480 0.4070 64 104 0.0723 1.12% 1795.06 19.0 48.6 96.7 0.027500.00337 28.3 0.12835 0.20692 369 0.3570 66 104 0.0354 0.77% 1490.7 2340.2710 77 96 0.42%

TABLE 27 Violet Blue Red Yellow Channel Channel Channel Channel 3 1 1 3x y CCT duv Ra R9 R13 R15 LER COI 1 0.6866 0 0.0953 0.2803 0.288810001.93 0.51 81.58 24.85 80.47 78.99 215.18 15.35 1 0.6575 0.01120.1082 0.2871 0.295 9005.05 −0.41 81.96 30.63 81.18 80.21 217.66 14.27 10.6478 0.0178 0.1341 0.2952 0.3045 8002.58 −0.17 81.67 30.4 80.86 79.7223.79 13.26 1 0.609 0.0339 0.1598 0.3063 0.315 7019.98 −0.75 81.6934.05 81.11 80.14 228.65 11.8 1 0.609 0.0371 0.1922 3133 0.3244 6503.680.55 80.8 28.66 79.85 78.19 235.52 11.19 1 0.5606 0.0533 0.2052 0.32190.3313 6009.48 −0.15 80.8 31.77 80.09 78.64 237.07 10.13 1 0.5283 0.07920.2278 0.3326 0.3399 5491.1 −0.64 80.89 34.88 80.39 79.1 240.29 8.83 10.4507 0.0985 0.2439 0.3447 0.3496 5008.1 −0.83 80.11 33.91 79.63 78.13241.98 7.68 1 0.3731 0.1308 0.2666 0.3603 0.3616 4503.83 −0.78 80.0537.17 79.68 78.43 244.41 6.23 1 0.3053 0.1922 0.3021 0.3804 0.37563993.71 −0.48 80.14 41.23 80.15 78.96 247.89 4.43 1 0.1955 0.2666 0.32120.405 0.3901 3501.05 −0.19 79.95 44.73 80.49 79.23 247.8 2.82 1 0.10820.4507 0.3731 0.4379 0.406 2998.46 0.63 81.09 51.35 82.25 80.98 248.852.82 Circadian energy in power Circadian 440-490/ CCT GAI GAI 15 GAI BB[mW] flux CER CAF EML CLA CS Rf Rg BLH total 10001.93 98.5 286.4 95.20.0717 0.0223 249.5 1.1560 1.1337 2207 0.6170 78 98 0.296518 20.4%9005.05 98.9 285.5 96.6 0.0710 0.0217 240.9 1.1032 1.0860 2074 0.6120 7899 0.289375 19.3% 8002.58 97.7 280.0 97.1 0.0718 0.0215 231.7 1.03211.0280 1894 0.6040 78 99 0.286203 18.3% 7019.98 96.7 274.6 98.6 0.07140.0208 218.5 0.9525 0.9580 1694 0.5940 77 100 0.276619 16.8% 6503.6894.1 266.3 98.0 0.0729 0.0208 211.1 0.8933 0.9122 1544 0.5840 76 990.275549 16.0% 6009.48 93.3 262.2 99.4 0.0714 0.0198 200.8 0.8443 0.86551422 0.5750 75 100 0.264517 14.8% 5491.1 91.6 255.6 100.8 0.0712 0.0193189.2 0.7848 0.8128 1274 0.5620 75 101 0.256951 13.5% 5008.1 89.0 246.4101.8 0.0685 0.0177 175.3 0.7219 0.7515 1119 0.5460 74 100 0.23970911.8% 4503.83 84.9 233.1 102.8 0.0663 0.0162 158.7 0.6472 0.6808 9360.5210 73 101 0.222675 9.8% 3993.71 78.9 214.3 103.3 0.0655 0.0149 139.60.5613 0.6032 726 0.4810 71 102 0.208066 7.8% 3501.05 70.8 188.9 102.80.0621 0.0128 117.2 0.4712 0.5148 509 0.4180 67 102 0.185032 5.3%2998.46 58.4 151.3 98.8 0.0624 0.0115 91.6 0.3666 0.4210 801 0.4970 63103 0.168008 3.1%

TABLE 28 Violet Red Yellow Channel Channel Channel 3 1 3 x y CCT duv RaR9 R13 R15 LER COI 1 0.2892 0.2795 0.4383 0.4089 2991.9 0.55 77.14 41.6778.4 76.41 238.03 3 1 0.5153 0.3376 0.4608 0.4121 2698.81 0.49 80.6752.45 82.44 80.85 241.24 4.57 1 1 0.4313 0.4874 0.4164 2398.27 0.5584.41 60.65 86.4 84.74 241.7 7.35 0.4701 1 0.2633 0.5163 0.4156 2103.150.32 87.78 64.36 89.6 87.19 236.56 10.96 0.1664 1 0.1276 0.5494 0.40871801.77 0.14 89.57 60.8 90.73 86.57 224.99 15.78 0 1 0.0113 0.58930.3932 1481.65 0.48 86.32 44.22 85.94 79.25 205.59 22.85 Circadianenergy in power Circadian 440-490/ CCT GAI GAI 15 GAI BB [mW] flux CERCAF EML CLA CS Rf Rg BLH total 2991.9 58.3 144.4 94.5 0.05113 0.0085388.24 0.37 0.3906 271 0.2980 53 102 0.142907 1.3% 2698.81 50.2 122.293.0 0.05643 0.00916 74.82 0.31 0.3524 670 0.4670 55 104 0.145337 1.2%2398.27 40.0 96.1 90.0 0.06099 0.00950 59.56 0.25 0.3088 574 0.4400 57103 0.139122 0.9% 2103.15 29.5 70.5 88.2 0.04078 0.00601 44.32 0.190.2618 476 0.4060 59 104 0.079144 0.7% 1801.77 18.5 44.7 87.8 0.024980.00338 28.98 0.13 0.2064 367 0.3560 63 103 0.037527 0.6% 1481.65 2310.2680 76 96 0.4%

TABLE 29 Violet Red Yellow Channel Channel Channel 4 1 4 x y CCT duv RaR9 R13 R15 LER COI GAI 1 0.0113 0.454 0.4049 0.3909 3509.71 0.17 70.47−30.68 71.94 61.99 302.33 8.76 67.73522 1 0.2827 0.6123 0.4371 0.40392996.02 −0.08 75.95 0.28 78.09 70.25 296.34 5.74 58.16243 1 0.61550.7318 0.4588 0.4091 2702.91 −0.47 79.45 17.36 81.9 75.09 287.92 5.7451.1852 1 1 0.9192 0.475 0.415 2534.54 0.56 81.4 24.99 83.75 77.16284.63 6.43 43.86021 0.7221 1 0.7124 0.4863 0.4149 2399.5 0.07 83.0932.05 85.51 79.26 277.26 7.59 40.40926 0.3343 1 0.399 0.5143 0.4132104.82 −0.53 86.42 43.99 88.69 82.68 258.79 11.04 31.31714 0.14 10.2601 0.5386 0.4128 1903.52 0.5 88.01 47.93 89.69 83.3 246.03 13.9721.13827 0.0889 1 0.1922 0.5503 0.4097 1800.78 0.49 88.42 48.88 89.7983.17 237.3 15.78 17.44622 0.0436 1 0.1341 0.5629 0.4065 1700.09 0.7588.41 48.52 89.33 82.48 228.6 17.73 0.0404 1 0.0727 0.5723 0.39871603.05 −0.23 87.82 47.4 88.45 81.62 217.65 19.94 Circadian energy inpower Circadian 440-490/ CCT GAI 15 GAI BB [mW] flux CER CAF EML CLA CSRf Rg BLH total 3509.71 176.4 95.8 0.0625 0.0139 134.9 0.4407 0.4559 4290.3860 56 99 0.2220 3.15% 2996.02 148.4 97.0 0.0726 0.0152 105.0 0.35020.3966 754 0.4870 58 102 0.2268 2.43% 2702.91 129.3 98.1 0.0647 0.012986.8 0.2984 0.3591 674 0.4680 60 104 0.1838 2.00% 2534.54 110.5 93.40.0572 0.0108 74.0 0.2575 0.3318 613 0.4520 62 104 0.1452 1.70% 2399.5101.5 95.0 0.0525 0.0097 66.0 0.2360 0.3130 575 0.4410 62 104 0.12621.52% 2104.82 78.6 98.1 0.0401 0.0068 48.4 0.1856 0.2667 483 0.4080 64105 0.0821 1.14% 1903.52 53.5 88.0 0.0284 0.0043 34.5 0.1392 0.2263 4010.3730 68 103 0.0441 0.83% 1800.78 44.3 87.1 0.0237 0.0034 28.8 0.12080.2061 363 0.3540 69 102 0.0324 0.71% 1700.09 321 0.3300 72 99 0.59%1603.05 292 0.3120 69 104 0.55%

TABLE 30 High-CRI mode High-EML mode Low-EML mode Very-Low-EML modeNominal Circadian Circadian Circadian. Circadian CCT EML Stimulus (CS)EML Stimulus (CS) EML Stimulus (CS) EML Stimulus (CS) 10000 1.2873920.617 1.323599 0.6190 1.203532 0.6150 9500 1.2552564 0.614 9000 1.2304980.6110 1.284446 0.6130 1.151925 0.6090 8500 1.202935 0.6070 80001.240274 0.6070 1.08629 0.6000 7500 1.1383591 0.5980 7000 1.10154310.5920 1.188225 0.5980 1.004381 0.5870 6500 1.0572409 0.5840 1.1531870.5910 0.958281 0.5790 6000 1.0112902 0.5750 1.117412 0.5830 0.9105480.5700 5500 0.9542838 0.5610 1.074033 0.5720 0.845296 0.5540 50000.8937964 0.5440 1.023649 0.5590 0.786954 0.5350 4500 0.8245702 0.51800.966693 0.5400 0.711691 0.5060 4000 0.7462442 0.4790 0.896774 0.51100.540872 0.452 3500 0.6630957 0.4230 0.815304 0.5810 0.48499 0.3790 30000.5580387 0.5330 0.711335 0.5640 0.418977 0.4940 2700 0.4989732 0.51600.639906 0.5500 0.376181 0.4750 2500 0.44713093 0.497333 0.586369 0.5380.344663 0.457 2400 0.4212098 0.4880 0.5596 0.5320 0.328904 0.4480 21000.339504 0.4490 0.461974 0.5030 0.276946 0.4140 1900 0.2815066 0.4116670.374114 0.464333 0.234146 0.378 1800 0.2525079 0.3930 0.330184 0.44500.212746 0.3600 1700 1600 0.3270

TABLE 31 EML % changes CS % changes High-CRI mode to High-CRI mode toLow-EML mode Low-EML mode Nominal High-EML mode to and Very-Low- High-CMmode to High-EML mode to and Very-Low- High-CRI mode to CCT Low-EML modeEML mode High-EML mode Low-EML mode EML mode High-EML mode 10000 10.0%7.0% 2.8%  1% 0% 0% 9500 9000 11.5% 6.8% 4.4%  1% 0% 0% 8500 8000 14.2% 1% 7500 7000 18.3% 9.7% 7.9%  2% 1% 1% 6500 20.3% 10.3% 9.1%  2% 1% 1%6000 22.7% 11.1% 10.5%  2% 1% 1% 5500 27.1% 12.9% 12.5%  3% 1% 2% 500030.1% 13.6% 14.5%  4% 2% 3% 4500 35.8% 15.9% 17.2%  7% 2% 4% 4000 65.8%38.0% 20.2% 13% 6% 7% 3500 68.1% 36.7% 23.0% 53% 12%  37%  3000 69.8%33.2% 27.5% 14% 8% 6% 2700 70.1% 32.6% 28.2% 16% 9% 7% 2500 70.1% 29.7%31.1% 18% 9% 8% 2400 70.1% 28.1% 32.9% 19% 9% 9% 2100 66.8% 22.6% 36.1%21% 8% 12%  1900 59.8% 20.2% 32.9% 23% 9% 13%  1800 55.2% 18.7% 30.8%24% 9% 13%  1700 1600

TABLE 32 High-CRI mode High-EML mode Low-EML mode Very-Low-EML modeNominal Circadian Circadian Circadian Circadian CCT EML Stimulus (CS)EML Stimulus (CS) EML Stimulus (CS) EML Stimulus (CS) 10000 1.287390.6170 1.32360 0.6190 1.16343 0.6180 9500 1.25526 0.6140 9000 1.230500.6110 1.28445 0.6130 1.11189 0.6120 8500 1.20294 0.6070 8000 1.240270.6070 1.04507 0.6040 7500 1.13836 0.5980 7000 1.10154 0.5920 1.188230.5980 0.97088 0.5920 6500 1.05724 0.5840 1.15319 0.5910 0.92605 0.58406000 1.01129 0.5750 1.11741 0.5830 0.87477 0.5740 5500 0.95428 0.56101.07403 0.5720 0.81655 0.5590 5000 0.89380 0.5440 1.02365 0.5590 0.758180.5420 4500 0.82457 0.5180 0.96669 0.5400 0.68922 0.5140 4000 0.746240.4790 0.89677 0.5110 0.60853 0.4740 3500 0.66310 0.4230 0.81530 0.58100.52239 0.4100 3000 0.55804 0.5330 0.71133 0.5640 0.39920 0.3060 27000.49897 0.5160 0.63991 0.5500 0.36006 0.4710 2500 0.44713 0.4973 0.586370.5380 0.32947 0.4530 2400 0.42121 0.4880 0.55960 0.5320 0.31417 0.44402100 0.33950 0.4490 0.46197 0.5030 0.26370 0.4070 1900 0.28151 0.41170.37411 0.4643 0.22585 0.3737 1800 0.25251 0.3930 0.33018 0.4450 0.206920.3570 1700 1600 0.3270 0.3110 0.2710

TABLE 33 EML % changes CS % changes High-CRI mode to High-CRI mode toLow-EML mode Low-EML mode Nominal High-EML mode to and Very-Low-High-CRI mode to High-EML mode to and Very-Low- High-CRI mode to CCTLow-EML mode EML mode High-EML mode Low-EML mode EML mode High-EML mode10000 14% 11%  3% 0% 0% 0% 9500 9000 16% 11%  4% 0% 0% 0% 8500 8000 19%0% 7500 7000 22% 13%  8% 1% 0% 1% 6500 25% 14%  9% 1% 0% 1% 6000 28% 16%10% 2% 0% 1% 5500 32% 17% 13% 2% 0% 2% 5000 35% 18% 15% 3% 0% 3% 450040% 20% 17% 5% 1% 4% 4000 47% 23% 20% 8% 1% 7% 3500 56% 27% 23% 42%  3%37%  3000 78% 40% 27% 84%  74%  6% 2700 78% 39% 28% 17%  10%  7% 250078% 36% 31% 19%  10%  8% 2400 78% 34% 33% 20%  10%  9% 2100 75% 29% 36%24%  10%  12%  1900 66% 25% 33% 24%  10%  13%  1800 60% 22% 31% 25% 10%  13%  1700 1600 15%  21%  −5% 

TABLE 34 High-CRI mode High-EML mode Low-EML mode Very-Low-EML modeNominal Circadian Circadian Circadian Circadian CCT EML Stimulus (CS)EML Stimulus (CS) EML Stimulus (CS) EML Stimulus (CS) 10000 1.2874 0.6171.3236 0.619 1.1337 0.617 9500 1.2553 0.614 9000 1.2305 0.611 1.28440.613 1.0860 0.612 8500 1.2029 0.607 8000 1.2403 0.607 1.0280 0.604 75001.1384 0.598 7000 1.1015 0.592 1.1882 0.598 0.9580 0.594 6500 1.05720.584 1.1532 0.591 0.9122 0.584 6000 1.0113 0.575 1.1174 0.583 0.86550.575 5500 0.9543 0.561 1.0740 0.572 0.8128 0.562 5000 0.8938 0.5441.0236 0.559 0.7515 0.546 4500 0.8246 0.518 0.9667 0.540 0.6808 0.5214000 0.7462 0.479 0.8968 0.511 0.6032 0.481 3500 0.6631 0.423 0.81530.581 0.5148 0.418 3000 0.5580 0.533 0.7113 0.564 0.3906 0.497 27000.4990 0.516 0.6399 0.550 0.3524 0.467 2500 0.4471 0.497 0.5864 0.5380.3234 0.449 2400 0.4212 0.488 0.5596 0.532 0.3088 0.440 2100 0.33950.449 0.4620 0.503 0.2618 0.406 1900 0.2815 0.412 0.3741 0.464 0.22490.373 1800 0.2525 0.393 0.3302 0.445 0.2064 0.356 1700 1600 0.327 0.268

TABLE 35 EML % changes CS % changes High-CRI mode to High-CRI mode toLow-EML mode Low-EML mode Nominal High-EML mode to and Very-Low-High-CRI mode to High-EML mode to and Very-Low- High-CRI mode to CCTLow-EML mode EML mode High-EML mode Low-EML mode EML mode High-EML mode10000 16.7% 13.6% 2.8% 0.3%  9500 9000 18.3% 13.3% 4.4% 0.3%  8500 800020.6% 7500 7000 24.0% 15.0% 7.9%  1% −0.34%    1.0%  6500 26.4% 15.9%9.1%  1% 0.00%  1.2%  6000 29.1% 16.8% 10.5%  1% 0.00%  1.4%  5500 32.1%17.4% 12.5%  2% −0.18%    2% 5000 36.2% 18.9% 14.5%  2% −0.37%    3%4500 42.0% 21.1% 17.2%  4% −0.58%    4% 4000 48.7% 23.7% 20.2%  6%−0.42%    7% 3500 58.4% 28.8% 23.0% 39% 1.20%  37%  3000 82.1% 42.9%27.5% 13%  7% 6% 2700 81.6% 41.6% 28.2% 18% 10% 7% 2500 81.3% 38.3%31.1% 20% 11% 8% 2400 81.2% 36.4% 32.9% 21% 11% 9% 2100 76.5% 29.7%36.1% 24% 11% 12%  1900 66.4% 25.2% 32.9% 25% 10% 13%  1800 60.0% 22.3%30.8% 25% 10% 13%  1700 1600 22%

TABLE 36 High-CRI mode High-EML mode Very-Low-EML mode Nominal CircadianCircadian Circadian CCT EML Stimulus (CS) EML Stimulus (CS) EML Stimulus(CS) 10000 1.2874 0.6170 1.3236 0.6190 9500 1.2553 0.6140 9000 1.23050.6110 1.2844 0.6130 8500 1.2029 0.6070 8000 1.2403 0.6070 7500 1.13840.5980 7000 1.1015 0.5920 1.1882 0.5980 6500 1.0572 0.5840 1.1532 0.59106000 1.0113 0.5750 1.1174 0.5830 5500 0.9543 0.5610 1.0740 0.5720 50000.8938 0.5440 1.0236 0.5590 4500 0.8246 0.5180 0.9667 0.5400 4000 0.74620.4790 0.8968 0.5110 3500 0.6631 0.4230 0.8153 0.5810 0.4559 0.3860 30000.5580 0.5330 0.7113 0.5640 0.3966 0.4870 2700 0.4990 0.5160 0.63990.5500 0.3591 0.4680 2500 0.4471 0.4973 0.5864 0.5380 0.3284 0.4500 24000.4212 0.4880 0.5596 0.5320 0.3130 0.4410 2100 0.3395 0.4490 0.46200.5030 0.2667 0.4080 1900 0.2815 0.4117 0.3741 0.4643 0.2263 0.3720 18000.2525 0.3930 0.3302 0.4450 0.2061 0.3540 1600 0.3270

TABLE 37 EML % changes CS % changes High-CRI mode to High-CRI mode toLow-EML mode Low-EML mode Nominal High-EML mode to and Very-Low-High-CRI mode to High-EML mode to and Very-Low- High-CRI mode to CCTLow-EML mode EML mode High-EML mode Low-EML mode EML mode High-EML mode3500 78.8% 45.4% 23.0% 51% 10% 37% 3000 79.3% 40.7% 27.5% 16%  9%  6%2700 78.2% 38.9% 28.2% 18% 10%  7% 2500 78.6% 36.2% 31.1% 20% 11%  8%2400 78.8% 34.6% 32.9% 21% 11%  9% 2100 73.2% 27.3% 36.1% 23% 10% 12%1900 65.3% 24.4% 32.9% 25% 11% 13% 1800 60.2% 22.5% 30.8% 26% 11% 13%

TABLE 38 Violet Peak Violet Valley Green Peak Red Valley (Vp) (Vv) (Gp)(Rv) 380 < λ ≤ 460 450 < λ ≤ 510 500 < λ ≤ 650 650 < λ ≤ 780 λ Vp λ Vv λGp λ Rv Violet Channel 1 380 1 486 0.00485 596 0.05521 751 0.00218Violet Channel 2 400 1 476 0.00185 592 0.05795 751 0.00227 VioletChannel 5 400 1 482 0.00525 596 0.06319 751 0.00252 Violet Channel 3 4101 477 0.00368 578 0.06123 751 0.00232 Violet Channel 4 420 1 477 0.01032608 0.22266 749 0.00519 Exemplary Violet 380 1 476 0.00185 578 0.05521749 0.00218 Channels Minimum Exemplary Violet 402 1 480 0.00519 5940.09205 751 0.00290 Channels Average Exemplary Violet 420 1 486 0.01032608 0.22266 751 0.00519 Channels Maximum

TABLE 39 Ratio Vp/Vv Vp/Gp Vp/Rv Gp/Vv Gp/Rv Violet Channel 1 206.3 18.1458.5 11.4 25.3 Violet Channel 2 540.0 17.3 440.3 31.3 25.5 VioletChannel 5 190.4 15.8 397.0 12.0 25.1 Violet Channel 3 272.0 16.3 431.816.7 26.4 Violet Channel 4 96.9 4.5 192.6 21.6 42.9 Exemplary Violet96.9 4.5 192.6 11.4 25.1 Channels Minimum Exemplary Violet 261.1 14.4384.0 18.6 29.0 Channels Average Exemplary Violet 540.0 18.1 458.5 31.342.9 Channels Maximum

TABLE 40 Violet Peak Violet Valley Green Peak 330 < λ ≤ 430 420 < λ ≤510 500 < λ ≤ 780 λ Vp λ Vv λ Gp Yellow Channel 1 380 0.37195 4700.00534 548 1 Yellow Channel 2 400 0.37612 458 0.00275 549 1 YellowChannel 5 400 0.36297 476 0.00317 561 1 Yellow Channel 3 410 0.37839 4760.00139 547 1 Yellow Channel 6 410 0.38876 476 0.00223 561 1 YellowChannel 4 419 0.07831 476 0.01036 608 1 Exemplary Yellow 380 0.07831 4580.00139 547 1 Channels Minimum Exemplary Yellow 403 0.32608 472 0.00421562 1 Channels Average Exemplary Yellow 419 0.38876 476 0.01036 608 1Channels Maximum

TABLE 41 Ratio Vp/Vv Vp/Gp Gp/Vv Yellow Channel 1 69.7 0.372 187.3Yellow Channel 2 136.9 0.376 364.0 Yellow Channel 5 114.4 0.363 315.3Yellow Channel 3 273.2 0.378 722.0 Yellow Channel 6 174.3 0.389 448.2Yellow Channel 4 7.6 0.078 96.5 Exemplary Yellow 7.559 0.078 96.525Channels Minimum Exemplary Yellow 129.336 0.326 355.556 Channels AverageExemplary Yellow 273.202 0.389 722.022 Channels Maximum

TABLE 42 Blue Peak Blue Valley Red Peak 380 < λ ≤ 460 450 < λ ≤ 510 500< λ < 780 λ Bp λ Bv λ Rp Red Channel 11 461 0.05898 488 0.02327 649 1Red Channel 3 449 0.18404 497 0.00309 640 1 Red Channel 4 461 0.07759495 0.01753 618 1 Red Channel 5 453 0.07508 494 0.00374 628 1 RedChannel 6 449 0.18404 497 0.00309 640 1 Red Channel 9 461 0.07737 4890.03589 645 1 Red Channel 10 461 0.06982 489 0.02971 645 1 Red Channel 1445 0.01599 477 0.00353 649 1 Red Channel 12 445 0.01217 477 0.00203 6491 Red Channel 13 451 0.06050 479 0.01130 651 1 Red Channel 14 4490.06020 485 0.00612 653 1 Red Channel 15 445 0.02174 477 0.00326 649 1Red Channel 16 450 0.03756 483 0.00388 643 1 Red Channel 17 450 0.03508485 0.00425 641 1 Exemplary Red 445 0.01217 477 0.00203 618 1 ChannelsMinimum Exemplary Red 452 0.06930 487 0.01076 643 1 Channels AverageExemplary Red 461 0.18404 497 0.03589 653 1 Channels Maximum

TABLE 43 Ratios Bp/Bv Bp/Rp Rp/Bv Red Channel 11 2.5 0.059 43.0 RedChannel 3 59.5 0.184 323.3 Red Channel 4 4.4 0.078 57.1 Red Channel 520.1 0.075 267.7 Red Channel 6 59.5 0.184 323.3 Red Channel 9 2.2 0.07727.9 Red Channel 10 2.4 0.070 33.7 Red Channel 1 4.5 0.016 283.3 RedChannel 12 6.0 0.012 493.0 Red Channel 13 5.4 0.061 88.5 Red Channel 149.8 0.060 163.4 Red Channel 15 6.7 0.022 306.3 Red Channel 16 9.7 0.038257.7 Red Channel 17 8.3 0.035 235.5 Exemplary Red 2.156 0.012 27.864Channels Minimum Exemplary Red 14.349 0.069 207.398 Channels AverageExemplary Red 59.501 0.184 492.975 Channels Maximum

TABLE 44 x y CCT duv Ra R9 R13 R15 LER COI GAI GAI 15 GAI_BB 2400K Ch10.4872 0.4166 2401.7 0.62 76.39 50.16 81.3 61.64 312.32 10.53 36.6189.03 83.17 2400K Ch2 0.4858 0.4148 2404.69 0.07 86.38 92.09 95.28 89.70282.76 9.68 44.51 102.45 95.46 2400K Ch3 0.4852 0.4137 2403.72 −0.2980.60 35.83 84.04 81.58 282.07 7.79 41.87 100.73 93.95 1800K Ch1 0.55030.4097 1801 0.49 90.94 62.65 92.01 87.32 210.12 16.00 17.37 47.81 94.054000K Ch1 0.3807 0.3772 3995.74 0.16 91.18 58.05 90.71 86.30 292.5082.78 219.40 105.73 4000K Ch2 0.3803 0.3766 4003.12 −0.02 88.67 96.8689.72 94.57 274.59 1.2 76.69 200.10 96.28 4000K Ch3 0.3814 0.37583967.48 −0.7 86.26 70.93 95.39 93.30 283.64 3.07 71.86 189.40 91.814000K Ch4 0.3804 0.3782 4012.69 0.72 82.45 79.82 91.17 92.69 280.02 2.469.51 182.68 87.72 5000K Ch1 0.3449 0.3516 5007 0.08 83.73 56.73 82.4182.71 257.55 0.81 90.61 234.15 96.76 Energy in CER 440 < λ ≤ (CircadianCAF 490 nm/ Circadian power per (Circadian Circadian Circadian totalenergy power Circadian flux) action Light (CLA) Stimulus 380 < λ ≤ [mW]flux [mW/lm] factor EML [Circadian lux] (CS) Rf Rg BLH 780 nm 2400K Ch10.0463 0.0074 77.736 0.2481 0.30848 575 0.440 51 97 0.10961 1.04% 2400KCh2 0.0294 0.0047 75.434 0.2661 0.34238 631 0.457 56 109 0.06700 0.99%2400K Ch3 0.0442 0.0065 69.309 0.2453 0.28563 540 0.429 51 103 0.105730.92% 1800K Ch1 0.0265 0.0032 26.837 0.1209 0.21275 374 0.360 77 1030.02570 0.98% 4000K Ch1 0.0725 0.0241 174.436 0.5949 0.79451 767 0.49091 102 0.20390 15.87% 4000K Ch2 0.1042 0.0367 178.778 0.6494 0.88924 8750.511 85 96 0.28816 15.97% 4000K Ch3 0.0930 0.0331 184.994 0.65160.89470 896 0.514 80 91 0.25199 18.10% 4000K Ch4 0.0847 0.0307 188.6380.6729 0.94619 938 0.521 74 87 0.22073 18.56% 5000K Ch1 0.0916 0.0355215.982 0.8368 1.10190 1325 0.567 81 97 0.28801 21.00%

TABLE 45 320 < 400 < 500 < 600 < 700 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 400 500 600700 780 2400K Ch3 9.92 44.53 83.33 100.00 7.55 2400K Ch2 8.59 39.6975.82 100.00 3.09 2400K Ch1 11.11 51.02 105.53 100.00 4.41 1800K Ch17.61 4.42 39.66 100.00 11.52 Exemplary 2^(nd) 7.61 4.42 39.66 100.003.09 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 9.31 34.92 76.09 100.00 6.64 channelsavg Exemplary 2^(nd) 11.11 51.02 105.53 100.00 11.52 channels max

TABLE 46 320 < 400 < 500 < 600 < 700 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 400 500 600700 780 4000K Ch4 0.29 67.46 100.00 96.08 9.60 4000K Ch2 0.43 62.49100.00 99.55 12.19 4000K Ch3 0.24 64.82 100.00 93.88 9.61 5000K Ch1 0.0584.60 100.00 99.73 10.20 Exemplary 1^(st) 0.05 62.49 100.00 93.88 9.60channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 0.25 69.84 100.00 97.31 10.40 channels avgExemplary 1^(st) 0.43 84.60 100.00 99.73 12.19 channels max

TABLE 47 320 < 380 < 420 < 460 < 500 < 540 < 580 < 620 < 660 < 700 < 740< λ ≤ 380 λ ≤ 420 λ ≤ 460 λ ≤ 500 λ ≤ 540 λ ≤ 580 λ ≤ 620 λ ≤ 660 λ ≤700 λ ≤ 740 λ ≤ 780 2400K Ch3 0.87 75.85 20.20 2.50 36.53 75.23 99.16100.00 23.78 10.04 3.74 2400K Ch2 0.61 53.09 14.11 3.40 35.58 51.8162.20 100.00 9.75 3.44 1.12 2400K Ch1 1.37 120.36 31.99 6.89 72.41110.44 227.23 100.00 21.24 7.89 3.50 1800K Ch1 1.23 16.50 4.14 1.9216.29 33.63 66.28 100.00 60.07 17.91 4.88 Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.61 16.504.14 1.92 16.29 33.63 62.20 100.00 9.75 3.44 1.12 channels min Exemplary2^(nd) 1.02 66.45 17.61 3.68 40.20 67.78 113.72 100.00 28.71 9.82 3.31channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 1.37 120.36 31.99 6.89 72.41 110.44 227.23100.00 60.07 17.91 4.88 channels max

TABLE 48 320 < 380 < 420 < 460 < 500 < 540 < 580 < 620 < 660 < 700 < 740< λ ≤ 380 λ ≤ 420 λ ≤ 460 λ ≤ 500 λ ≤ 540 λ ≤ 580 λ ≤ 620 λ ≤ 660 λ ≤700 λ ≤ 740 λ ≤ 780 4000K Ch4 0.39 0.59 30.88 98.73 67.12 76.66 100.0084.15 50.00 13.89 4.63 4000K Ch2 0.54 1.99 44.28 79.86 78.17 75.94100.00 95.38 52.20 18.93 5.61 4000K Ch3 0.29 0.70 37.77 87.23 65.1979.15 100.00 82.62 48.47 13.93 4.68 5000K Ch1 0.01 1.49 66.19 129.0596.22 88.49 100.00 115.83 63.66 18.66 5.03 Exemplary 1^(st) 0.01 0.5930.88 79.86 65.19 75.94 100.00 82.62 48.47 13.89 4.63 channels minExemplary 1^(st) 0.31 1.19 44.78 98.72 76.68 80.06 100.00 94.49 53.5816.35 4.99 channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 0.54 1.99 66.19 129.05 96.2288.49 100.00 115.83 63.66 18.93 5.61 channels max

TABLE 49 320 < 340 < 360 < 380 < 400 < 420 < λ ≤ 340 λ ≤ 360 λ ≤ 380 λ ≤400 λ ≤ 420 λ ≤ 440 2400K Ch3 0.00 0.02 1.13 22.91 77.86 23.21 2400K Ch20.00 0.02 0.72 14.60 49.67 14.79 2400K Ch1 0.00 0.04 1.83 37.29 126.8437.77 1800K Ch1 0.00 0.00 2.61 29.27 5.68 4.41 Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.000.00 0.72 14.60 5.68 4.41 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.00 0.02 1.5726.02 65.01 20.05 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.00 0.04 2.61 37.29126.84 37.77 channels max 440 < 460 < 480 < 500 < 520 < 540 < λ ≤ 460 λ≤ 480 λ ≤ 500 λ ≤ 520 λ ≤ 540 λ ≤ 560 2400K Ch3 3.62 0.62 2.70 13.9734.57 48.20 2400K Ch2 2.29 0.48 3.64 15.31 27.77 31.81 2400K Ch1 5.841.20 8.20 35.22 63.53 73.06 1800K Ch1 4.36 1.12 2.94 11.91 22.59 30.12Exemplary 2^(nd) 2.29 0.48 2.70 11.91 22.59 30.12 channels min Exemplary2^(nd) 4.03 0.86 4.37 19.10 37.11 45.80 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd)5.84 1.20 8.20 35.22 63.53 73.06 channels max 560 < 580 < 600 < 620 <640 < 660 < λ ≤ 580 λ ≤ 600 λ ≤ 620 λ ≤ 640 λ ≤ 660 λ ≤ 680 2400K Ch351.74 53.62 78.10 100.00 32.85 18.99 2400K Ch2 30.90 29.60 45.70 100.0021.06 7.47 2400K Ch1 77.56 122.68 187.19 100.00 36.37 18.26 1800K Ch141.10 60.43 79.94 100.00 111.79 80.54 Exemplary 2^(nd) 30.90 29.60 45.70100.00 21.06 7.47 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 50.33 66.58 97.73 100.0050.52 31.32 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 77.56 122.68 187.19 100.00111.79 80.54 channels max 680 < 700 < 720 < 740 < 760 < 780 < λ ≤ 700 λ≤ 720 λ ≤ 740 λ ≤ 760 λ ≤ 780 λ ≤ 800 2400K Ch3 12.60 8.19 5.15 3.091.87 0.00 2400K Ch2 4.33 2.66 1.50 0.86 0.50 0.00 2400K Ch1 10.70 6.704.06 2.73 2.05 0.00 1800K Ch1 46.67 24.94 12.99 6.82 3.52 0.00 Exemplary2^(nd) 4.33 2.66 1.50 0.86 0.50 0.00 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 18.5810.62 5.93 3.38 1.99 0.00 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 46.67 24.9412.99 6.82 3.52 0.00 channels max

TABLE 50 320 < 340 < 360 < 380 < 400 < 420 < λ ≤ 340 λ ≤ 360 λ ≤ 380 λ ≤400 λ ≤ 420 λ ≤ 440 4000K Ch4 0.00 0.27 0.38 0.30 0.69 5.32 4000K Ch20.00 0.42 0.66 0.65 3.29 22.60 4000K Ch3 0.00 0.21 0.33 0.33 0.98 10.075000K Ch1 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.14 1.81 22.85 Exemplary 1^(st) 0.00 0.00 0.010.14 0.69 5.32 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 0.00 0.23 0.34 0.35 1.6915.21 channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 0.00 0.42 0.66 0.65 3.29 22.85channels max 440 < 460 < 480 < 500 < 520 < 540 < λ ≤ 460 λ ≤ 480 λ ≤ 500λ ≤ 520 λ ≤ 540 λ ≤ 560 4000K Ch4 46.45 65.52 100.00 61.95 50.58 58.484000K Ch2 65.24 58.44 100.00 82.69 72.40 71.27 4000K Ch3 60.41 62.79100.00 64.55 57.10 67.65 5000K Ch1 63.41 68.18 100.00 67.44 57.95 57.60Exemplary 1^(st) 46.45 58.44 100.00 61.95 50.58 57.60 channels minExemplary 1^(st) 58.88 63.73 100.00 69.16 59.51 63.75 channels avgExemplary 1^(st) 65.24 68.18 100.00 82.69 72.40 71.27 channels max 560 <580 < 600 < 620 < 640 < 660 < λ ≤ 580 λ ≤ 600 λ ≤ 620 λ ≤ 640 λ ≤ 660 λ≤ 680 4000K Ch4 70.03 82.09 85.56 75.93 65.14 58.42 4000K Ch2 79.4093.63 104.78 102.56 86.67 63.02 4000K Ch3 80.05 92.00 94.61 83.41 70.7762.40 5000K Ch1 57.72 62.16 68.16 75.24 75.70 52.76 Exemplary 1^(st)57.72 62.16 68.16 75.24 65.14 52.76 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 71.8082.47 88.28 84.29 74.57 59.15 channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 80.05 93.63104.78 102.56 86.67 63.02 channels max 680 < 700 < 720 < 740 < 760 < 780< λ ≤ 700 λ ≤ 720 λ ≤ 740 λ ≤ 760 λ ≤ 780 λ ≤ 800 4000K Ch4 25.41 14.668.62 4.90 2.85 0.00 4000K Ch2 40.55 23.98 13.58 7.34 3.79 0.00 4000K Ch328.04 16.34 9.66 5.52 3.22 0.00 5000K Ch1 30.19 15.99 8.33 4.35 2.210.00 Exemplary 1^(st) 25.41 14.66 8.33 4.35 2.21 0.00 channels minExemplary 1^(st) 31.05 17.74 10.05 5.53 3.02 0.00 channels avg Exemplary1^(st) 40.55 23.98 13.58 7.34 3.79 0.00 channels max

TABLE 51 320 < 330 < 340 < 350 < 360 < 270 < λ ≤ 330 λ ≤ 340 λ ≤ 350 λ ≤360 λ ≤ 370 λ ≤ 380 2400K Ch3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.26 1.62 2400K Ch20.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.18 1.16 2400K Ch1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.40 2.521800K Ch1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56 Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 1.16 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.212.71 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.40 5.56channels max 380 < 390 < 400 < 410 < 420 < 430 < λ ≤ 390 λ ≤ 400 λ ≤ 410λ ≤ 420 λ ≤ 430 λ ≤ 440 2400K Ch3 7.91 30.16 70.32 59.07 27.46 11.122400K Ch2 5.65 21.61 50.41 42.34 19.67 7.95 2400K Ch1 12.31 47.07 109.7992.21 42.85 17.31 1800K Ch1 42.52 19.80 8.19 3.91 3.64 5.74 Exemplary2^(nd) 5.65 19.80 8.19 3.91 3.64 5.74 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd)17.09 29.66 59.67 49.38 23.40 10.53 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 42.5247.07 109.79 92.21 42.85 17.31 channels max 440 < 450 < 460 < 470 < 480< 490 < λ ≤ 450 λ ≤ 460 λ ≤ 470 λ ≤ 480 λ ≤ 490 λ ≤ 500 2400K Ch3 4.331.69 0.71 0.33 1.29 3.19 2400K Ch2 3.08 1.19 0.48 0.42 1.82 4.97 2400KCh1 6.72 2.59 1.05 0.86 3.52 9.54 1800K Ch1 6.09 3.19 1.41 0.98 1.874.39 Exemplary 2^(nd) 3.08 1.19 0.48 0.33 1.29 3.19 channels minExemplary 2^(nd) 5.05 2.16 0.91 0.65 2.13 5.52 channels avg Exemplary2^(nd) 6.72 3.19 1.41 0.98 3.52 9.54 channels max 500 < 510 < 520 < 530< 540 < 550 < λ ≤ 510 λ ≤ 520 λ ≤ 530 λ ≤ 540 λ ≤ 550 λ ≤ 560 2400K Ch37.91 15.30 24.51 32.93 38.51 41.59 2400K Ch2 10.78 17.80 24.02 27.8329.59 29.81 2400K Ch1 21.15 34.93 46.87 54.30 57.64 58.70 1800K Ch1 9.4715.90 21.83 26.26 30.08 34.05 Exemplary 2^(nd) 7.91 15.30 21.83 26.2629.59 29.81 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 12.33 20.98 29.31 35.33 38.9541.04 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 21.15 34.93 46.87 54.30 57.64 58.70channels max 560 < 570 < 580 < 590 < 600 < 610 < λ ≤ 570 λ ≤ 580 λ ≤ 590λ ≤ 600 λ ≤ 610 λ ≤ 620 2400K Ch3 42.83 43.16 43.36 45.76 54.76 75.032400K Ch2 29.31 28.39 27.39 27.87 32.98 52.35 2400K Ch1 59.43 64.0879.86 115.51 152.93 145.17 1800K Ch1 39.62 47.89 58.66 70.02 80.33 89.88Exemplary 2^(nd) 29.31 28.39 27.39 27.87 32.98 52.35 channels minExemplary 2^(nd) 42.80 45.88 52.32 64.79 80.25 90.61 channels avgExemplary 2^(nd) 59.43 64.08 79.86 115.51 152.93 145.17 channels max 620< 630 < 640 < 650 < 660 < 670 < λ ≤ 630 λ ≤ 640 λ ≤ 650 λ ≤ 660 λ ≤ 670λ ≤ 680 2400K Ch3 100.00 66.18 32.55 22.04 17.39 14.17 2400K Ch2 100.0086.71 27.42 11.91 7.93 6.02 2400K Ch1 100.00 59.25 35.20 22.72 16.7212.37 1800K Ch1 100.00 112.92 122.48 115.54 96.01 75.48 Exemplary 2^(nd)100.00 59.25 27.42 11.91 7.93 6.02 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 100.0081.26 54.41 43.05 34.51 27.01 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 100.00112.92 122.48 115.54 96.01 75.48 channels max 680 < 690 < 700 < 710 <720 < 730 < λ ≤ 690 λ ≤ 700 λ ≤ 710 λ ≤ 720 λ ≤ 730 λ ≤ 740 2400K Ch311.56 9.37 7.53 6.08 4.81 3.75 2400K Ch2 4.55 3.54 2.81 2.16 1.65 1.152400K Ch1 9.41 7.63 5.86 4.81 3.55 2.92 1800K Ch1 57.09 42.29 30.7622.34 16.16 11.50 Exemplary 2^(nd) 4.55 3.54 2.81 2.16 1.65 1.15channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 20.65 15.71 11.74 8.85 6.54 4.83 channelsavg Exemplary 2^(nd) 57.09 42.29 30.76 22.34 16.16 11.50 channels max740 < 750 < 760 < 770 < 780 < 790 < λ ≤ 750 λ ≤ 760 λ ≤ 770 λ ≤ 780 λ ≤790 λ ≤ 800 2400K Ch3 2.94 2.20 1.81 1.30 0.00 0.00 2400K Ch2 0.87 0.740.57 0.37 0.00 0.00 2400K Ch1 2.37 1.97 2.06 1.20 0.00 0.00 1800K Ch18.40 6.13 4.49 3.01 0.00 0.00 Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.87 0.74 0.57 0.37 0.000.00 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 3.64 2.76 2.23 1.47 0.00 0.00channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 8.40 6.13 4.49 3.01 0.00 0.00 channels max

TABLE 52 320 < 330 < 340 < 350 < 360 < 370 < λ ≤ 330 λ ≤ 340 λ ≤ 350 λ ≤360 λ ≤ 370 λ ≤ 380 4000K Ch4 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.48 0.41 0.33 4000K Ch20.00 0.00 0.08 0.78 0.70 0.63 4000K Ch3 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.37 0.34 0.305000K Ch1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Exemplary 1^(st) 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.02 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.41 0.360.32 channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.78 0.70 0.63channels max 380 < 390 < 400 < 410 < 420 < 430 < λ ≤ 390 λ ≤ 400 λ ≤ 410λ ≤ 420 λ ≤ 430 λ ≤ 440 4000K Ch4 0.28 0.31 0.46 0.90 2.35 8.04 4000KCh2 0.60 0.71 1.61 5.09 13.75 32.22 4000K Ch3 0.29 0.35 0.58 1.35 4.2215.53 5000K Ch1 0.17 0.15 0.35 1.50 6.59 25.07 Exemplary 1^(st) 0.170.15 0.35 0.90 2.35 8.04 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 0.34 0.38 0.752.21 6.73 20.22 channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 0.60 0.71 1.61 5.09 13.7532.22 channels max 440 < 450 < 460 < 470 < 480 < 490 < λ ≤ 450 λ ≤ 460 λ≤ 470 λ ≤ 480 λ ≤ 490 λ ≤ 500 4000K Ch4 29.43 61.23 58.55 69.32 100.0095.19 4000K Ch2 63.32 69.39 51.86 67.01 100.00 103.41 4000K Ch3 49.1269.39 55.36 67.81 100.00 96.18 5000K Ch1 83.73 95.32 87.91 118.29 100.0089.11 Exemplary 1^(st) 29.43 61.23 51.86 67.01 100.00 89.11 channels minExemplary 1^(st) 56.40 73.83 63.42 80.61 100.00 95.97 channels avgExemplary 1^(st) 83.73 95.32 87.91 118.29 100.00 103.41 channels max 500< 510 < 520 < 530 < 540 < 550 < λ ≤ 510 λ ≤ 520 λ ≤ 530 λ ≤ 540 λ ≤ 550λ ≤ 560 4000K Ch4 68.51 52.40 48.14 50.59 54.63 59.52 4000K Ch2 88.5179.68 74.88 72.39 71.61 73.35 4000K Ch3 70.57 56.06 53.84 58.18 63.5269.19 5000K Ch1 79.33 76.46 75.98 76.69 76.73 75.98 Exemplary 1^(st)68.51 52.40 48.14 50.59 54.63 59.52 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 76.7366.15 63.21 64.46 66.62 69.51 channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 88.51 79.6875.98 76.69 76.73 75.98 channels max 560 < 570 < 580 < 590 < 600 < 610 <λ ≤ 570 λ ≤ 580 λ ≤ 590 λ ≤ 600 λ ≤ 610 λ ≤ 620 4000K Ch4 65.20 71.4977.71 82.52 84.37 82.62 4000K Ch2 77.63 83.86 91.48 98.97 105.06 108.064000K Ch3 75.29 81.76 87.93 92.55 94.00 91.61 5000K Ch1 74.89 75.3177.41 79.89 82.43 84.24 Exemplary 1^(st) 65.20 71.49 77.41 79.89 82.4382.62 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 73.25 78.10 83.63 88.48 91.47 91.63channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 77.63 83.86 91.48 98.97 105.06 108.06channels max 620 < 630 < 640 < 650 < 660 < 670 < λ ≤ 630 λ ≤ 640 λ ≤ 650λ ≤ 660 λ ≤ 670 λ ≤ 680 4000K Ch4 77.44 70.77 64.70 62.44 66.81 47.214000K Ch2 106.77 101.86 93.61 82.68 70.31 57.88 4000K Ch3 85.60 78.0271.00 67.84 71.44 50.98 5000K Ch1 87.47 94.30 100.45 94.12 77.38 60.02Exemplary 1^(st) 77.44 70.77 64.70 62.44 66.81 47.21 channels minExemplary 1^(st) 89.32 86.24 82.44 76.77 71.48 54.02 channels avgExemplary 1^(st) 106.77 101.86 100.45 94.12 77.38 60.02 channels max 680< 690 < 700 < 710 < 720 < 730 < λ ≤ 690 λ ≤ 700 λ ≤ 710 λ ≤ 720 λ ≤ 730λ ≤ 740 4000K Ch4 28.56 21.04 16.09 12.52 9.54 7.29 4000K Ch2 46.4236.07 27.73 21.05 15.78 11.85 4000K Ch3 31.57 23.45 18.00 14.05 10.748.22 5000K Ch1 45.22 33.23 24.15 17.38 12.51 8.98 Exemplary 1^(st) 28.5621.04 16.09 12.52 9.54 7.29 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 37.94 28.4421.49 16.25 12.14 9.08 channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 46.42 36.07 27.7321.05 15.78 11.85 channels max 740 < 750 < 760 < 770 < 780 < 790 < λ ≤750 λ ≤ 760 λ ≤ 770 λ ≤ 780 λ ≤ 790 λ ≤ 800 4000K Ch4 5.50 4.07 3.172.40 0.00 0.00 4000K Ch2 8.63 6.29 4.50 3.21 0.00 0.00 4000K Ch3 6.224.61 3.61 2.72 0.00 0.00 5000K Ch1 6.52 4.67 3.43 2.24 0.00 0.00Exemplary 1^(st) 5.50 4.07 3.17 2.24 0.00 0.00 channels min Exemplary1^(st) 6.72 4.91 3.68 2.64 0.00 0.00 channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 8.636.29 4.50 3.21 0.00 0.00 channels max

TABLE 53 400 < 470 < 530 < 600 < 630 < λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ λ ≤ 470 nm 510 nm570 nm 630 nm 780 nm 2400K Ch3 14.063 1.000 12.431 18.374 16.714 2400KCh2 7.136 1.000 6.611 10.443 9.461 2400K Ch1 7.971 1.000 6.693 11.7155.576 1800K Ch1 1.990 1.000 7.873 16.512 43.711 Exemplary 2^(nd) 1.9901.000 6.611 10.443 5.576 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 7.790 1.000 8.40214.261 18.866 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 14.063 1.000 12.431 18.37443.711 channels max 4000K Ch4 0.475 1.000 0.693 0.746 1.268 4000K Ch20.652 1.000 0.830 0.906 1.643 4000K Ch3 0.575 1.000 0.799 0.825 1.3855000K Ch1 0.634 1.000 0.652 0.596 1.493 Exemplary 1^(st) 0.475 1.0000.652 0.596 1.268 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 0.584 1.000 0.744 0.7691.447 channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 0.652 1.000 0.830 0.906 1.643channels max

TABLE 54 EML Slope vs. CCT (per 1000K) for Pairings of ExemplaryFirst/Second Lighting Channels 4000K 4000K 4000K 4000K 5000K Ch1 Ch2 Ch3Ch4 Ch1 2400K Ch1 0.305 0.363 0.374 0.396 0.305 2400K Ch2 0.284 0.3420.353 0.375 0.292 2400K Ch3 0.320 0.377 0.389 0.411 0.314 1800K Ch10.265 0.307 0.315 0.332 0.277

TABLE 55 EML Ratio of First Lighting Channel to Second Lighting Channelfor Pairings of Exemplary First/Second Lighting Channels 4000K 4000K4000K 4000K 5000K Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 Ch1 2400K Ch1 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.62400K Ch2 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.2 2400K Ch3 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.9 1800K Ch13.7 4.2 4.2 4.4 5.2

TABLE 56 % Spectral Energy in Wavelength Range vs. Total Energy 320 nmto 800 nm 400 < 410 < 420 < 430 < 440 < 450 < λ ≤ 410 λ ≤ 420 λ ≤ 430 λ≤ 440 λ ≤ 450 λ ≤ 460 2400K Ch3 7.11 5.97 2.78 1.12 0.44 0.17 2400K Ch26.65 5.59 2.60 1.05 0.41 0.16 2400K Ch1 7.19 6.04 2.81 1.13 0.44 0.171800K Ch1 0.56 0.27 0.25 0.39 0.42 0.22 Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.56 0.27 0.250.39 0.41 0.16 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 5.38 4.47 2.11 0.93 0.430.18 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 7.19 6.04 2.81 1.13 0.44 0.22channels max 4000K Ch4 0.03 0.05 0.14 0.47 1.71 3.55 4000K Ch2 0.07 0.230.62 1.44 2.84 3.11 4000K Ch3 0.03 0.07 0.22 0.82 2.58 3.64 5000K Ch10.02 0.07 0.30 1.13 3.78 4.30 Exemplary 1^(st) 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.47 1.713.11 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 0.04 0.10 0.32 0.96 2.73 3.65channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 0.07 0.23 0.62 1.44 3.78 4.30 channels max460 < 470 < 480 < 490 < 500 < 510 < λ ≤ 470 λ ≤ 480 λ ≤ 490 λ ≤ 500 λ ≤510 λ ≤ 520 2400K Ch3 0.071 0.033 0.13 0.32 0.80 1.55 2400K Ch2 0.0640.056 0.24 0.66 1.42 2.35 2400K Ch1 0.069 0.056 0.23 0.62 1.38 2.291800K Ch1 0.097 0.067 0.13 0.30 0.65 1.09 Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.064 0.0330.13 0.30 0.65 1.09 channels min Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.075 0.053 0.18 0.481.06 1.82 channels avg Exemplary 2^(nd) 0.097 0.067 0.24 0.66 1.42 2.35channels max 4000K Ch4 3.40 4.02 5.80 5.52 3.97 3.04 4000K Ch2 2.32 3.004.48 4.63 3.97 3.57 4000K Ch3 2.91 3.56 5.25 5.05 3.71 2.94 5000K Ch13.97 5.34 4.51 4.02 3.58 3.45 Exemplary 1^(st) 2.32 3.00 4.48 4.02 3.582.94 channels min Exemplary 1^(st) 3.15 3.98 5.01 4.81 3.81 3.25channels avg Exemplary 1^(st) 3.97 5.34 5.80 5.52 3.97 3.57 channels max

TABLE 57 ANSI Nominal CCT Center Tolerance Boundaries Boundary CCT duvdCCT dduv Center 1 2 3 4 2200 2238 −0.0942 ±102 ±5.3 Cx 0.5018 0.48380.5046 0.5262 0.5025 Cy 0.4153 0.3977 0.4007 0.4381 0.4348 2500 2470−0.3065 ±109 ±5.7 Cx 0.4792 0.4593 0.4838 0.5025 0.4813 Cy 0.4131 0.39440.3977 0.4348 0.4319 2700 2725 −0.0837 ±145 ±6.0 Cx 0.4578 0.4813 0.45620.4373 0.4593 Cy 0.4101 0.4319 0.4260 0.3893 0.3944 3000 3045 −0.0773±175 ±6.0 Cx 0.4338 0.4562 0.4299 0.4147 0.4373 Cy 0.403 0.4260 0.41650.3814 0.3893 3500 3464 −0.0698 ±245 ±6.0 Cx 0.4073 0.4299 0.3996 0.38890.4147 Cy 0.3917 0.4165 0.4015 0.369 0.3814 4000 3985 0.9845 ±275 ±6.0Cx 0.3818 0.4006 0.3736 0.3670 0.3898 Cy 0.3797 0.4044 0.3874 0.35780.3716 5000 5027 2.0112 ±283 ±6.0 Cx 0.3447 0.3551 0.3376 0.3366 0.3515Cy 0.3553 0.376 0.3616 0.3369 0.3487 5700 5666 2.0235 ±355 ±6.0 Cx0.3287 0.3376 0.3207 0.3222 0.3366 Cy 0.3417 0.3616 0.3462 0.3243 0.33696500 6532 2.9989 ±510 ±6.0 Cx 0.3123 0.3205 0.3028 0.3068 0.3221 Cy0.3282 0.3481 0.3304 0.3113 0.3261

TABLE 58 380 < 420 < 460 < 500 < 540 < 580 < 620 < 660 < 700 < 740 < λ ≤420 λ ≤ 460 λ ≤ 500 λ ≤ 540 λ ≤ 580 λ ≤ 620 λ ≤ 660 λ ≤ 700 λ ≤ 740 λ ≤780 Red 0.2 1.4 0.7 7.3 22.3 59.8 100.0 61.2 18.1 4.9 Cyan 0.7 15.9 33.598.2 100.0 68.6 47.1 22.1 6.3 1.7

TABLE 59 380 < 400 < 420 < 440 < 460 < 480 < 500 < 520 < 540 < 560 < 580< λ ≤ 400 λ ≤ 420 λ ≤ 440 λ ≤ 460 λ ≤ 480 λ ≤ 500 λ ≤ 520 λ ≤ 540 λ ≤560 λ ≤ 580 λ ≤ 600 Red 0.0 0.3 1.4 1.3 0.4 0.9 4.2 9.4 15.3 26.4 45.8Cyan 0.2 1.2 8.1 22.2 17.5 46.3 88.2 98.5 100.0 90.2 73.4 600 < 620 <640 < 660 < 680 < 700 < 720 < 740 < 760 < 780 < λ ≤ 620 λ ≤ 640 λ ≤ 660λ ≤ 680 λ ≤ 700 λ ≤ 720 λ ≤ 740 λ ≤ 760 λ ≤ 780 λ ≤ 800 Red 66.0 87.0100.0 72.5 42.0 22.3 11.6 6.1 3.1 0.0 Cyan 57.0 48.1 41.4 27.0 15.1 7.94.0 2.1 1.0 0.0

TABLE 60 While Cyan Red Channel Channel Channel Relative RelativeRelative CCT duv Intensity intensity Intensity Ra R9 ccx ccy Rf Rg COIR13 R15 LER CLA CS 3200 0.53 0.57 0.22 0.21 89.9 59.6 0.424 0.4005 88102 2.42 90.1 87.3 296.5 1007 0.531 3102 0.31 0.52 0.24 0.24 90.8 63.80.4303 0.4024 89 102 2.82 91.2 88.6 292.8 977 0.527 3001 −0.04 0.47 0.260.27 91.7 67.7 0.4368 0.4039 89 102 3.42 92.2 89.9 288.9 946 0.522 29030.39 0.42 0.28 0.30 92.6 71.7 0.4446 0.4075 90 102 93.3 91.0 285.3 9090.516 2801 0.31 0.37 0.30 0.33 93.5 75.1 0.4522 0.4095 91 103 94.3 92.1281.1 873 0.510 2702 0.68 0.32 0.31 0.37 94.4 78.4 0.4609 0.4126 91 10395.3 93.0 276.9 833 0.503 2599 −0.1 0.27 0.32 0.41 95.0 80.1 0.46810.412 91 104 96.2 93.8 272.0 801 0.497 2509 0.66 0.23 0.33 0.44 95.782.5 0.4774 0.4156 92 103 97.0 94.4 268.1 758 0.488 2403 0.46 0.18 0.330.48 96.3 83.5 0.4867 0.4161 92 103 97.7 94.9 262.9 717 0.479 2296 −0.090.14 0.33 0.52 96.6 83.4 0.4959 0.4149 92 104 98.3 95.0 257.2 677 0.4692203 −0.18 0.11 0.33 0.57 96.7 82.9 0.5049 0.4146 91 104 98.6 94.9 252.1636 0.459 2099 0.19 0.07 0.32 0.61 96.8 81.9 0.5165 0.4152 92 103 98.794.5 246.4 585 0.444 2010 −0.28 0.04 0.30 0.66 96.4 79.4 0.525 0.4126 90104 98.5 93.8 241.0 547 0.431 1902 −0.37 0.01 0.27 0.72 95.8 75.6 0.53660.4101 89 103 97.7 92.4 234.3 494 0.413 1797 −0.12 0.00 0.23 0.77 94.970.8 0.5493 0.4078 88 102 96.5 90.5 227.6 436 0.389

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a variety ofmaterials can be used in the manufacturing of the components in thedevices and systems disclosed herein. Any suitable structure and/ormaterial can be used for the various features described herein, and askilled artisan will be able to select an appropriate structures andmaterials based on various considerations, including the intended use ofthe systems disclosed herein, the intended arena within which they willbe used, and the equipment and/or accessories with which they areintended to be used, among other considerations. Conventional polymeric,metal-polymer composites, ceramics, and metal materials are suitable foruse in the various components. Materials hereinafter discovered and/ordeveloped that are determined to be suitable for use in the features andelements described herein would also be considered acceptable.

When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecularweight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, allcombinations, and subcombinations of ranges for specific exemplartherein are intended to be included.

The disclosures of each patent, patent application, and publicationcited or described in this document are hereby incorporated herein byreference, in its entirety.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that numerous changesand modifications can be made to the exemplars of the disclosure andthat such changes and modifications can be made without departing fromthe spirit of the disclosure. It is, therefore, intended that theappended claims cover all such equivalent variations as fall within thetrue spirit and scope of the disclosure.

1-30. (canceled)
 31. A display system, comprising: an array of pixels,each of said pixels comprising a plurality of emissive sub-pixels havingdifferent color points; and wherein at least one sub-pixel of saidplurality of emissive sub-pixels emits a first emission having a firstpeak wavelength greater than 470 nm and no greater than 510 nm.
 32. Thedisplay system of claim 31, wherein said first emission has a bandhaving a full-width half-maximum wavelength ranges of between about 10nm and about 30 nm.
 33. The display system of claim 31, wherein saidfirst emission has a band between at least one of 460 nm and 500 nm or490 nm and 500 nm
 34. The display system of claim 31, wherein said firstpeak wavelength is about 470 nm, about 480 nm, about 490 nm, or about500 nm
 35. The display system of claim 31, wherein said first emissionhas a band having energy of at least 10% of total energy in the range ofat least one of 460 nm to 500 nm.
 36. The display system of claim 31,wherein said first emission has a percentage of spectral power in thewavelength range of 470 nm<λ≤480 nm in comparison to the total energyfrom 320 nm<λ≤800 nm is between about 2.5 and about 6.0 .
 37. Thedisplay system of claim 31, wherein said first emission has a percentageof spectral power in the wavelength range of 480 nm<λ≤490 nm incomparison to the total energy from 320 nm<λ≤800 nm is between about 4.0and about 6.5.
 38. The display system of claim 31, wherein said firstemission has a percentage of spectral power in the wavelength range of490 nm<λ≤500 nm in comparison to the total energy from 320 nm<λ≤800 nmis between about 3.5 and about 6.0 .
 39. The display system of claim 31,wherein the ratio of spectral power in the wavelength range of 430nm<λ≤460 nm over 320 nm<λ≤800 nm to spectral power in the wavelengthrange of 470 nm<λ≤510 nm over 320 nm<λ≤800 nm is less than
 1. 40. Thedisplay system of claim 31, wherein said ratio is no greater than 0.6141. The display system of claim 31, wherein said ratio is no greaterthan 0.44
 42. The display system of claim 31, wherein said sub-pixel isa microLED or a microOLED
 43. The display system of claim 31, whereinsaid plurality of emissive sub-pixels include at least blue, green/cyan,and red sub-pixels.
 44. The display system of claim 31, wherein said atleast one sub-pixel comprises a phosphor.
 45. The display system ofclaim 31, wherein at least one second sub-pixel of said plurality ofemissive sub-pixels emits a second emission having a second peakwavelength less than 470 nm.
 46. The display system of claim 31, whereinsecond emission has a second peak wavelength in a range of about 380 nmto about 460 nm.
 47. The display system of claim 43, further comprisingdrive circuitry to selectivity drive said at least one sub-pixel andsaid at least one second sub-pixel to vary EML between at least a firstEML value and a second EML value the display.
 48. The display system ofclaim 44, wherein he ratio of the first EML value to the second EMLvalue can be between about 2.0 and about 5.5.